HIST FINAL EXAM STUDY QUESTIONS

Like his liberal predecessors, Richard Nixon believed that the office of the president

a) set the moral tone for the nation.

b) ought to be the engine of the political system.

c) had too much power.

d) should not interfere with the economy.

ANS: b

Difficulty=Moderate, Skill=Understand, Objective=27.1: Relate the Nixon administration's tendency to scale back the federal commitment to civil rights to the decline of liberalism, Topic=The Decline of Liberalism

M/C Question 2 In the 1970s, the most critical factor that disrupted the American economy was

a) wage and price controls.

b) spiraling food prices.

c) the war in Vietnam.

d) the oil embargo.

ANS: d

Objective=27.1: Relate the Nixon administration's tendency to scale back the federal commitment to civil rights to the decline of liberalism, Topic=The Decline of Liberalism, Skill=Understand, Difficulty=Moderate

M/C Question 3 Nixon worked to undermine the liberal agenda by all of the following EXCEPT

a) reshaping the Supreme Court.

b) discrediting prominent Democrats.

c) reducing the budget.

d) proving the ineffectiveness of programs.

ANS: d

Skill=Understand, Objective=27.1: Relate the Nixon administration's tendency to scale back the federal commitment to civil rights to the decline of liberalism, Topic=The Decline of Liberalism, Difficulty=Moderate

M/C Question 4 The use of busing as a means for desegregation of American schools

a) eliminated de facto but not de jure segregation.

b) was strongly endorsed by President Nixon.

c) was generally accepted by southern whites without protest.

d) often brought resistance in northern cities.

ANS: d

Topic=The Decline of Liberalism, Difficulty=Moderate, Skill=Understand, Objective=27.1: Relate the Nixon administration's tendency to scale back the federal commitment to civil rights to the decline of liberalism

M/C Question 5 As a result of the Nixon Doctrine, the United States’ policy concerning the Vietnam War

a) led to an immediate decrease in American air attacks on North Vietnam.

b) resulted in a refusal by the United States to negotiate an agreement with the North Vietnamese.

c) brought increased involvement of American ground troops.

d) led to the replacement of American troops with South Vietnamese troops.

ANS: d

Objective=27.2: Recount how President Richard Nixon proposed to end the war in Vietnam, Skill=Understand, Topic=The Ongoing Effort in Vietnam, Difficulty=Moderate

M/C Question 6 President Nixon’s decision to invade Cambodia in 1970 resulted in

a) renewed anti-war demonstrations on college campuses.

b) an American victory in Vietnam.

c) permanent occupation of Cambodia by U.S. troops.

d) general public approval of his Vietnam policy.

ANS: a

Skill=Understand, Topic=The Ongoing Effort in Vietnam, Difficulty=Moderate, Objective=27.2: Recount how President Richard Nixon proposed to end the war in Vietnam

M/C Question 7 The documents published by the New York Times revealed the

a) disparity in training between U.S. and South Vietnamese troops.

b) fabrications and faulty assumptions that had guided the Vietnam War.

c) effectiveness of massive bombing.

d) participation by the Chinese in Vietnam.

ANS: b

Objective=27.2: Recount how President Richard Nixon proposed to end the war in Vietnam, Skill=Understand, Topic=The Ongoing Effort in Vietnam, Difficulty=Moderate

M/C Question 8 A major element of Nixon’s foreign policy was to

a) establish that communism was monolithic throughout the world.

b) concentrate American interests in the Western Hemisphere.

c) use Congress to foster new diplomatic initiatives.

d) foster new diplomatic relations with the communist countries.

ANS: d

Skill=Understand, Objective=27.2: Recount how President Richard Nixon proposed to end the war in Vietnam, Difficulty=Moderate, Topic=The Ongoing Effort in Vietnam

M/C Question 9 As Richard Nixon planned his reelection campaign in 1972,

a) the Republicans were determined to sweep the presidential and congressional elections.

b) the campaign seemed less organized than in 1968.

c) there was grave concern over the lack of campaign funds.

d) he proposed to conduct a quiet and gentlemanly campaign.

ANS: a

Skill=Understand, Objective=27.3: Examine the impact of the Watergate crisis on American political life, Topic=Constitutional Conflict and Its Consequences, Difficulty=Moderate

M/C Question 10 As the events of Watergate unraveled,

a) the complicity of the president in the coverup became evident.

b) little evidence could be found of the president’s involvement.

c) the judicial system did not participate in the process.

d) Americans grew tired of the issue.

ANS: a

Difficulty=Moderate, Skill=Understand, Objective=27.3: Examine the impact of the Watergate crisis on American political life, Topic=Constitutional Conflict and Its Consequences

M/C Question 11 As a result of the Watergate scandal

a) the Republican Party called for Nixon’s resignation.

b) impeachment laws were strengthened.

c) Nixon served six months in prison.

d) many Americans lost faith in the presidency.

ANS: d

Skill=Understand, Objective=27.3: Examine the impact of the Watergate crisis on American political life, Topic=Constitutional Conflict and Its Consequences, Difficulty=Moderate

M/C Question 12 Gerald Ford’s goals as president included

a) restoring trust in the presidency.

b) ending welfare programs.

c) ending school busing.

d) increasing aid to education.

ANS: a

Difficulty=Moderate, Skill=Understand, Objective=27.3: Examine the impact of the Watergate crisis on American political life, Topic=Constitutional Conflict and Its Consequences

M/C Question 13 President Carter upset liberals by

a) reducing spending.

b) beginning deregulation.

c) failing to construct an effective energy policy.

d) All of these answers are correct.

ANS: d

Skill=Apply, Objective=27.3: Examine the impact of the Watergate crisis on American political life, Topic=Constitutional Conflict and Its Consequences, Difficulty=Moderate

M/C Question 14 The founders of the National Organization for Women contended that

a) consciousness-raising was unimportant.

b) women were not treated as equal members of society.

c) women generally approved of traditional marriage relationships.

d) the Civil Rights Act of 1964 gave women equal opportunities.

ANS: b

Topic=The Continuing Quest for Social Reform, Difficulty=Moderate, Skill=Understand, Objective=27.4: Evaluate the success of the women’s movement and the quest for social reforms in the 1970s

M/C Question 15 A leader in the movement to achieve changes in the traditional status of women in the United States during the 1970s was

a) Phyllis Schlafly.

b) Marilyn Monroe.

c) Gloria Steinem.

d) Janis Joplin.

ANS: c

Skill=Factual, Objective=27.4: Evaluate the success of the women’s movement and the quest for social reforms in the 1970s, Topic=The Continuing Quest for Social Reform, Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 16 Black women were often ambivalent about the women’s movement for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

a) suspicion of middle-class views of white feminists.

b) the feeling that struggle for racial equality took precedence.

c) an involvement with minor issues like the title Ms.

d) gender was a greater problem than race.

ANS: d

Skill=Analyze, Topic=The Continuing Quest for Social Reform, Difficulty=Difficult, Objective=27.4: Evaluate the success of the women’s movement and the quest for social reforms in the 1970s

M/C Question 17 Between 1970 and 1980, Hispanic Americans

a) had no representation in Congress.

b) declined in number.

c) increased in number.

d) achieved full assimilation into American society.

ANS: c

Skill=Understand, Objective=27.4: Evaluate the success of the women’s movement and the quest for social reforms in the 1970s, Topic=The Continuing Quest for Social Reform, Difficulty=Moderate

M/C Question 18 During the 1960s and 1970s, Hispanic Americans

a) found the Great Society programs sensitive to their needs.

b) became more active politically.

c) had little success in gaining a political voice.

d) did not attempt to share in the American dream.

ANS: b

Skill=Analyze, Objective=27.4: Evaluate the success of the women’s movement and the quest for social reforms in the 1970s, Topic=The Continuing Quest for Social Reform, Difficulty=Difficult

M/C Question 19 The person who led the union movement among Chicano farm workers during the 1960s was

a) Joseph Montoya.

b) Cesar Chavez.

c) Henry B. Gonzales.

d) Henry Cisneros.

ANS: d

Skill=Factual, Objective=27.4: Evaluate the success of the women’s movement and the quest for social reforms in the 1970s, Topic=The Continuing Quest for Social Reform, Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 20 Chavez was successful in using what tactic when grape growers did not concede to his union demands?

a) strike

b) political lobbying in Washington, D.C.

c) school walkouts

d) nationwide consumer boycott

ANS: d

Skill=Factual, Objective=27.4: Evaluate the success of the women’s movement and the quest for social reforms in the 1970s, Topic=The Continuing Quest for Social Reform, Difficulty=Moderate

M/C Question 21 During the 1970s, efforts by Mexican American farm workers to improve their working conditions

a) resulted in a Texas law requiring the closed shop.

b) led California to pass a law requiring growers to bargain collectively.

c) led growers to stop using their labor.

d) failed to have any impact on legislation in California.

ANS: b

Difficulty=Moderate, Skill=Understand, Objective=27.4: Evaluate the success of the women’s movement and the quest for social reforms in the 1970s, Topic=The Continuing Quest for Social Reform

M/C Question 22 The demands by Mexican Americans for improvement in their educational opportunities during the 1970s

a) resulted in more Latino teachers, counselors, and courses.

b) met with little success.

c) focused on becoming assimilated into Anglo culture.

d) generally met with little resistance from educational authorities.

ANS: a

Skill=Understand, Objective=27.4: Evaluate the success of the women’s movement and the quest for social reforms in the 1970s, Topic=The Continuing Quest for Social Reform, Difficulty=Moderate

M/C Question 23 As a leader among Chicanos during the 1970s, Rodolfo “Corky” Gonzales

a) avoided activities that might bring confrontation with the authorities.

b) enthusiastically supported the war in Vietnam.

c) pressed for return of land that the United States government had taken from Mexicans years earlier.

d) founded the Crusade for Justice.

ANS: d

Objective=27.4: Evaluate the success of the women’s movement and the quest for social reforms in the 1970s, Topic=The Continuing Quest for Social Reform, Difficulty=Moderate, Skill=Understand

M/C Question 24 Which president was particularly good at courting Latino votes?

a) Truman

b) Nixon

c) Kennedy

d) Ford

ANS: b

Skill=Factual, Objective=27.4: Evaluate the success of the women’s movement and the quest for social reforms in the 1970s, Topic=The Continuing Quest for Social Reform, Difficulty=Moderate

M/C Question 25 In the 1970s, roughly half of the Native American population lived

a) in the South.

b) in California.

c) on reservations.

d) in the Midwest.

ANS: c

Objective=27.4: Evaluate the success of the women’s movement and the quest for social reforms in the 1970s, Topic=The Continuing Quest for Social Reform, Difficulty=Moderate, Skill=Factual

M/C Question 26 How did Presidents Johnson and Kennedy respond in the 1960s to the termination policy concerning reservations?

a) They repudiated it.

b) They advocated it.

c) They steered a middle course.

d) They ignored it.

ANS: c

Skill=Factual, Objective=27.4: Evaluate the success of the women’s movement and the quest for social reforms in the 1970s, Topic=The Continuing Quest for Social Reform, Difficulty=Moderate

M/C Question 27 All of the following statements describe the founding and operation of the American Indian Movement (AIM) EXCEPT:

a) The organization was founded in Minneapolis in 1968 by Dennis Banks and George Mitchell, Chippewa Indians.

b) It got federal funds channeled to Indian-controlled organizations.

c) It established patrols to protect drunken Indians from police.

d) It promoted gun battles with police.

ANS: d

Objective=27.4: Evaluate the success of the women’s movement and the quest for social reforms in the 1970s, Topic=The Continuing Quest for Social Reform, Difficulty=Moderate, , Skill=Factual

M/C Question 28 In 1973, AIM took over the South Dakota village of

a) Wounded Knee.

b) Alcatraz.

c) Taos.

d) Round Valley.

ANS: a

Skill=Factual, Objective=27.4: Evaluate the success of the women’s movement and the quest for social reforms in the 1970s, Topic=The Continuing Quest for Social Reform, Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 29 Like Latinos, Native Americans in the 1960s and 1970s

a) experienced full equality in the United States.

b) increasingly left the United States.

c) experienced second-class status.

d) failed to receive favorable legislation.

ANS: c

Skill=Factual, Objective=27.4: Evaluate the success of the women’s movement and the quest for social reforms in the 1970s, Topic=The Continuing Quest for Social Reform, Difficulty=Moderate

M/C Question 30 In 1968, Native American author N. Scott Momaday received a Pulitzer Prize for

a) Little Big Man.

b) Custer Died for Your Sins.

c) Silent Spring.

d) House Made of Dawn.

ANS: d

Difficulty=Easy, Skill=Factual, Objective=27.4: Evaluate the success of the women’s movement and the quest for social reforms in the 1970s, Topic=The Continuing Quest for Social Reform

M/C Question 31 The American Indian Historical Society

a) protested traditional textbook treatment of native people.

b) launched armed assaults against Montana troops.

c) declined in the 1970s.

d) remained a minor periodical in native society.

ANS: a

Skill=Factual, Objective=27.4: Evaluate the success of the women’s movement and the quest for social reforms in the 1970s, Topic=The Continuing Quest for Social Reform, Difficulty=Moderate,

M/C Question 32 Which of the following tribes won a landmark 1967 decision that repaid them for deceptive land deals by the federal government in 1823?

a) Modoc

b) Sioux

c) Seminole

d) Navajo

ANS: c

Skill=Factual, Objective=27.4: Evaluate the success of the women’s movement and the quest for social reforms in the 1970s, Topic=The Continuing Quest for Social Reform, Difficulty=Moderate

M/C Question 33 In 1978 the public became alarmed about which toxic chemical incident that took place in Niagara Falls, New York?

a) Three Mile Island

b) Chernobyl

c) Love Canal

d) Asbestos

ANS: c

Skill=Factual, Objective=27.4: Evaluate the success of the women’s movement and the quest for social reforms in the 1970s, Difficulty=Moderate, Topic=The Continuing Quest for Social Reform

M/C Question 34 The United States stopped authorizing new nuclear power plants in the year

a) 1970.

b) 1972.

c) 1974.

d) 1978.

ANS: d

Skill=Factual, Objective=27.4: Evaluate the success of the women’s movement and the quest for social reforms in the 1970s, Topic=The Continuing Quest for Social Reform, Difficulty=Easy

Essay

Essay Question 35 Discuss the policies of the Nixon administration toward the civil rights movement and discuss the major developments in civil rights during his administration.

Global Correct Feedback: Nixon and his subordinates were generally unsympathetic to civil rights causes and expected little political support from black voters. They attempted to reduce appropriations for the enforcement of laws designed to promote the interests of blacks, such as fair housing and voter rights. The major issue that developed during his administration was the controversy over busing to achieve integration of the schools. Nixon tended to encourage the white backlash to affirmative action programs.

Skill=Analyze, Objective=27.1: Relate the Nixon administration's tendency to scale back the federal commitment to civil rights to the decline of liberalism, Topic=The Decline of Liberalism, Difficulty=Moderate

Essay Question 36 Evaluate the foreign policy of Richard Nixon and his success in achieving his foreign policy objectives.

Global Correct Feedback: Nixon announced the Nixon Doctrine to try to deal with events in Vietnam. The United States would continue to support the war financially but would replace its troops with Vietnamese troops. Henry Kissinger negotiated a ceasefire with North Vietnam but eventually the communists took over the South. Nixon was more successful in dealing with other communist countries, which he no longer viewed as monolithic. He established formal diplomatic relations with communist China and pursued a policy of détente with the Soviet Union to try to reduce world tensions.

Skill=Evaluate, Objective=27.1: Relate the Nixon administration's tendency to scale back the federal commitment to civil rights to the decline of liberalism, Topic=The Decline of Liberalism, Difficulty=Difficult

Essay Question 37 Discuss President Nixon’s characteristics as a political leader and evaluate his economic and social programs.

Global Correct Feedback: Personally, Nixon lacked humor and grace, was remote, and was considered tricky by his opponents. He used the power of government to try to maintain economic stability and control inflation. While he accepted the basic social programs of the Democrats, he tried to systematize them. When the oil embargo disrupted the economy, he was unable to stabilize it. He did make some changes in social welfare programs.

Skill=Evaluate, Objective=27.1: Relate the Nixon administration's tendency to scale back the federal commitment to civil rights to the decline of liberalism, Topic=The Decline of Liberalism, Difficulty=Difficult

Essay Question 38 Discuss the Watergate incident and explain why you think the American public in general wanted the president removed from office.

Global Correct Feedback: Republicans established the Committee to Re-elect the President and were determined by any means to obtain a Republican-controlled Congress. With campaign funds at their disposal they engaged in criminal activities to try to undermine the Democratic campaign. After discovery, the president attempted to help cover up the criminal activity. As it became more apparent that Nixon was involved in the cover-up, the public reacted to what they considered a blatant abuse of governmental power that could undermine the American system and its traditions.

Skill=Analyze, Objective=27.3: Examine the impact of the Watergate crisis on American political life, Topic=Constitutional Conflict and Its Consequences, Difficulty=Difficult,

Essay Question 39 Discuss President Ford’s role as a “caretaker” president and evaluate his overall success.

Global Correct Feedback: Ford was unpretentious and declared he was “a Ford, not a Lincoln.” He initially restored faith in government but dashed it by pardoning Nixon. He opposed liberal advances, faced severe economic difficulties as inflation and unemployment increased, and clashed with a Democratic Congress that overrode his vetoes on bills.

Skill=Analyze, Objective=27.3: Examine the impact of the Watergate crisis on American political life, Topic=Constitutional Conflict and Its Consequences, Difficulty=Moderate

Essay Question 40 Discuss President Carter’s characteristics as a political leader and evaluate his economic and social programs.

Global Correct Feedback: Carter was modest and restrained and hoped to apply these characteristics to the imperial presidency. He failed to communicate any overall philosophy and got mired in detail. He reduced spending by cutting social programs, but deficits continued. He began deregulation. He did not work well with the Congress and failed to develop an effective energy policy.

Skill=Evaluate, Objective=27.3: Examine the impact of the Watergate crisis on American political life, Topic=Constitutional Conflict and Its Consequences, Difficulty=Difficult

Essay Question 41 Suppose you were an advocate of the women’s movement during the 1970s. What would be your major grievances and what groups and leaders might you support in pursuing your cause?

Global Correct Feedback: Supporters of the feminist movement would probably protest what she or he considered women’s sexual exploitation and discrimination in terms of economic opportunities and pay. They would probably admire such women as Betty Friedan, Helen Reddy, Gloria Steinem, and other militant authors. They probably would support the National Organization for Women and ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment, and they would probably sing some of Helen Reddy’s songs and read Steinem’s Ms. Magazine.

Skill=Apply, Objective=27.4: Evaluate the success of the women’s movement and the quest for social reforms in the 1970s, Topic=The Continuing Quest for Social Reform, Difficulty=Moderate

Essay Question 42 As a reporter for your college newspaper, write a news story discussing the developments among Latino Americans toward achieving greater opportunities within American society from the 1960s to the 1980s.

Global Correct Feedback: Recognizing the success blacks had had in changing their position in American society, Latino Americans began to organize to try to achieve greater economic and educational opportunities and greater social and political equality. Leaders such as Chavez, Tijerina, Gutierrez, and others took a militant position. Others worked for educational and community reform. Some advances were made, but discrimination continued.

Skill=Apply, Objective=27.4: Evaluate the success of the women’s movement and the quest for social reforms in the 1970s, Topic=The Continuing Quest for Social Reform, Difficulty=Difficult

Essay Question 43 Evaluate the effectiveness of Cesar Chavez in achieving his goals for Mexican Americans.

Global Correct Feedback: Chavez was particularly interested in obtaining better working conditions and wages for Mexican American farm laborers through unionization and political activities. He skillfully organized farm laborers and consumer boycotts against companies who refused to negotiate with the union. In 1975, as a result of his efforts, the California legislature required growers to bargain collectively with the workers’ elected representatives.

Objective=27.4: Evaluate the success of the women’s movement and the quest for social reforms in the 1970s, Topic=The Continuing Quest for Social Reform, Difficulty=Difficult, Skill=Evaluate

Essay Question 44 If you had been a 20-year-old American Indian living in the 1960s and 1970s, what changes might you have observed in the conditions of your people during that time?

Global Correct Feedback: Indians would have grown in number and militancy. There would have been more attempts to organize to preserve tribal traditions. A movement to reestablish Indian pride would have resulted in greater popularity among the general American population for Indian art and traditions. Some Indian groups and leaders, especially those in the American Indian Movement, would have demanded more consideration from the federal government with some success through the courts, but not without much confrontation, sometimes resulting in violent government actions. More emphasis would have been placed on higher education and business entrepreneurship.

Skill=Apply, Objective=27.4: Evaluate the success of the women’s movement and the quest for social reforms in the 1970s, Topic=The Continuing Quest for Social Reform, Difficulty=Difficult

Essay Question 45 Suppose you were living during the 1960s and 1970s. How would your attitude toward environmental issues have changed between 1960 and 1970? What bills might you have urged your representative in Congress to support?

Global Correct Feedback: Environmental issues came to concern as many as 50 percent of Americans by 1970. They began to worry about pollutants, oil spills, and nuclear accidents. During Nixon’s administration, Congress passed the Clean Air Act, Water Quality Improvement Act, and the Resource Recovery Act, and created the Environmental Protection Agency.

Skill=Apply, Objective=27.4: Evaluate the success of the women’s movement and the quest for social reforms in the 1970s, Topic=The Continuing Quest for Social Reform, Difficulty=Difficult