Hist 102 final exam answers
38) Presidents Truman approved of communism.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 800
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: Origins of the Cold War
39) During the 1950s, many Americans began to equate the Nazi and Soviet systems, as they had done during the 1930s.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 781
Skill: Applied
Topic: Origins of the Cold War
40) Americans were initially excited about nuclear weapons in the late 1940s.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 797
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: Atomic Weapons and the Cold War
41) In 1939, the Soviet Union tested its first nuclear bomb.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 797
Skill: Factual
Topic: Atomic Weapons and the Cold War
42) In 1950, President Truman authorized the development of a new hydrogen bomb.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 795
Skill: Factual
Topic: Atomic Weapons and the Cold War
43) The Cold War produced a reactionary period of hysteria that included a loyalty program that violated civil liberties.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 800
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: The Cold War at Home
44) During the Cold War, Congress targeted homosexuals working in government service as a security risk.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 802
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: The Cold War at Home
45) Black leaders Paul Robeson and W.E.B. Du Bois were criticized for communist leanings during the era.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 807
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: The Cold War at Home
46) In 1948, starving Navajos were given federal assistance despite their “communistic” way of life.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 807
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Cold War at Home
ESSAY
47) Assume that you were Val Lorwin. Describe your position in relation to the United States government from November 1950 through March 1952.
Answer: In 1950, Lorwin, a left-wing Socialist during the 1930s, found himself accused of having been a Communist party member and, hence, a security risk in his government job, which he had held for 16 years. He was brought before a congressional investigating committee, which failed to protect his civil rights by refusing to identify his accuser. He was victimized by Senator McCarthy and did not have his name cleared until 1954.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 777-778
Skill: Applied
Topic: American Stories
48) Contrast the American worldview with the Soviet worldview at the end of World War II.
Answer: The United States wanted to spread the vision of liberty, democracy, and economic opportunity, as well as promote free trade and markets for American products. The Soviets were concerned primarily with securing their borders, rebuilding their economy, and spreading communist ideology.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 779-780
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: Origins of the Cold War
49) Characterize the foreign policy interests of American presidents Harry Truman and Dwight Eisenhower, as well as the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin.
Answer: Both Truman and Eisenhower believed in self-determination and the superiority of American institutions. Both opposed communism, although Eisenhower was more willing to be accommodating. Ruthless Stalin was determined to rebuild the U.S.S.R. and maintain control of Eastern Europe.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 780-781
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: Origins of the Cold War
50) Discuss the background to the Polish question and illustrate how it became the first confrontation in the Cold War.
Answer: Disagreements over what kind of postwar government the Allies would establish in Poland surfaced first at the Yalta Conference. Truman demanded of the Soviet ambassador to the United States that a democratic government be established in Poland.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 781-782
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: Origins of the Cold War
51) Discuss the issue of American aid to the Allies at the end of World War II and explain how the American position contributed to the development of Cold War with the Soviet Union.
Answer: Truman decided to abruptly end lend-lease against the advice of Secretary of State Stettinius, which hurt the Soviet Union most of all the affected countries. Truman then attempted to use the offer of American economic aid to press the Soviets into developing a five-year plan for the rebuilding of the Soviet economy, independent of American help.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 784-786
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: Containing the Soviet Union
52) Discuss the development of the United States’ containment policy and explain the major attempts of the American government to implement it prior to 1950.
Answer: George Kennan argued that diplomatic negotiations with the Soviets were useless for a variety of reasons, a position reaffirmed in 1950 in National Security Council document 68. Only by containing the spread of Soviet control and influence could the United States effectively deal with the Soviets. Hence, the United States provided aid to Greece and Turkey, announced the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan, supported the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, unified West Germany, and carried out the Berlin airlift.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 783-785
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: Containing the Soviet Union
53) Suppose you were a Chinese communist leader in 1950. Explain how you would have felt about the situation in China, as well as about the response of the United States to that situation.
Answer: The Chinese communists saw the existing government in China as corrupt and inefficient, leaving the Chinese people in poverty, disease, and oppression, which they believed were the causes of the civil war that developed. They viewed the Americans as “imperialists” and confiscated American property in China, leading to a hysterical reaction in the United States. This American hostility led the communist Chinese to ally more closely with the Soviet Union.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 788-789
Skill: Applied
Topic: Containment in Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America
54) Suppose that you had been General Douglas MacArthur leading the United Nations’ forces in the Korean War. Explain your objectives in the war, as well as how you would respond to President Truman’s approach to the war.
Answer: MacArthur believed he was a military commander of superior abilities. He was determined to defeat the North Koreans and establish United Nations’ control in the North, and he believed that bombing North Korean supply bases inside China was essential to achieving these goals. The limited war that Truman attempted to pursue resulted in great frustration for him and led him to criticize the president publicly.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 789-790
Skill: Applied
Topic: Containment in Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America
55) Imagine that you were the Central American correspondent of an American news magazine during the 1950s. How would you evaluate the economic and political conditions of Latin America, and how would you explain the United States’s reaction to the Castro revolution in Cuba?
Answer: Americans controlled much of the Central American economy. This fact and exercise of American power in the region had generated much hostility toward U.S. involvement in Central America. The forces of nationalism and social reform were at work in the area. Many Americans feared the spread of communism there, leading to Eisenhower’s decision to cut off exports and sever diplomatic relations with Cuba after Castro established a communist-oriented government on the island.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 795
Skill: Applied
Topic: Containment in Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America
IDENTIFICATION
56) Upon his death in 1953, Joseph Stalin was succeeded by ________ as the leader of the Soviet Union.
Answer: Nikita Khrushchev
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 780
Skill: Factual
Topic: Origins of the Cold War
57) The individual primarily responsible for developing the American containment policy during the Cold War was ________.
Answer: George Kennan
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 783
Skill: Factual
Topic: Containing the Soviet Union
58) The key Republican senator responsible for gaining congressional support for the Truman Doctrine was ________ of Michigan.
Answer: Arthur Vandenberg
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 784
Skill: Factual
Topic: Containing the Soviet Union
59) The Allied powers had decided to divide Germany into four occupation zones at the ________ Conference.
Answer: Yalta
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 782
Skill: Factual
Topic: Origins of the Cold War
60) The first commander of the United Nations forces during the Korean War was General ________.
Answer: Douglas MacArthur
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 790
Skill: Factual
Topic: Containment in Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America
The American People, Concise, 7e (Nash)
Chapter 25 Postwar America at Home, 1945-1960
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1) The key to Ray Kroc’s success was
A) advertising.
B) uniqueness.
C) standardization.
D) conservative thinking.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 810-811
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: American Stories
2) By 1960, a majority of all American families
A) had little extra spending money.
B) had made few gains from the Depression years.
C) could attain a middle-class lifestyle.
D) found they could not keep up with the cost of living.
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 815
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: Economic Boom
3) During the Eisenhower administration, an important factor in promoting the material development of the United States was
A) a population shift away from suburban areas.
B) less corporate control of the American economy.
C) construction of the interstate highway system.
D) control of the economy by the Office of Price Administration.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 813
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: Economic Boom
4) As a result of defense spending in the 1950s, all of the following occurred EXCEPT
A) aircraft and electronic industries were stimulated.
B) half the federal budget went to the armed forces.
C) most citizens protested the huge expenditures.
D) business-government ties grew stronger.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 815
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: Economic Boom
5) During the Truman and Eisenhower administrations, corporate development in the United States
A) declined in importance economically.
B) was unable to expand into foreign markets.
C) was discouraged by government policy.
D) was characterized by increasing concentration of control.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 816-817
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: Economic Boom
6) By 1956, the majority of workers in the United States
A) worked in factories.
B) were engaged in agricultural pursuits.
C) held white-collar jobs.
D) faced a decline in their living standards.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 817
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: Economic Boom
7) In the late 1940s, workers
A) enjoyed great support from the federal government.
B) lost basic rights.
C) decided that strikes were ineffective.
D) went on several strikes.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 818
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: Economic Boom
8) Part of labor’s cooperation was gained by material concessions such as General Motors’ 1948 introduction of
A) double time for overtime.
B) profit sharing.
C) cost-of-living adjustment.
D) guaranteed annual wage.
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 819
Skill: Factual
Topic: Economic Boom
9) During the 1950s, agricultural developments in the United States
A) were influenced by important new technology.
B) ceased to be important to the American economy.
C) tended to focus on the family farm.
D) required a greater number of farmers than in the Depression years.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 819
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: Economic Boom
10) In early post-World War II America,
A) Americans became less mobile.
B) Elvis Presley died.
C) the birthrate in the United States increased.
D) shopping centers became less important in American society.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 820
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: Demographic and Technological Shifts
11) Which areas benefited the most from the military expenditures of the 1950s and 1960s?
A) Atlantic Coast and Alaska Territory
B) New England and the Midwest
C) the Pacific Coast and the West
D) the mid and Deep South
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 820
Skill: Factual
Topic: Demographic and Technological Shifts
12) In the years since World War II,
A) the American population has shifted away from the West and Southwest.
B) the rich have become more concentrated in the center of American cities.
C) American housing has become less standardized.
D) suburbs have become more important in American society.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 820
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: Demographic and Technological Shifts
13) The major influence on American societal norms that developed after World War II was
A) movies.
B) radio.
C) newspapers.
D) television.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 820
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: Demographic and Technological Shifts
14) During the 1950s, material consumption in the United States
A) was generally uninfluenced by advertising.
B) was facilitated by installment plans.
C) tended to be limited because many Americans who had experienced the Depression resisted purchasing luxury goods.
D) was yet to be influenced by easier credit.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 824
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: Demographic and Technological Shifts
15) The first credit card was
A) American Express.
B) Diners Club.
C) Bank Americard.
D) Mastercard.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 824
Skill: Factual
Topic: Demographic and Technological Shifts
16) During the 1950s, ethnic Americans in general
A) constituted an increasingly greater percentage of the American population.
B) tended to become less homogeneous with the rest of the American population.
C) became more readily assimilated into American society.
D) unlike most Americans, were influenced little by television.
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 825
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: Consensus and Conformity
17) Religious developments in the United States during the 1950s
A) were characterized by a strong concern with doctrinal issues.
B) emphasized the differences between various religious beliefs.
C) were characterized by less church attendance than in the previous decade.
D) showed improved knowledge of doctrine.
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 825
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: Consensus and Conformity
18) For women in the United States, the 1950s was a period when
A) male attitudes significantly changed concerning their role in society.
B) they faced tremendous pressure to conform.
C) fewer married women worked.
D) they showed little resistance to returning to their traditional role in society.
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 825
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: Consensus and Conformity
19) An Esquire magazine article in 1954 asserted that
A) women deserved the advantages given to men.
B) working wives were a “menace.”
C) women should continue working in military plants.
D) lower-class women could attain middle-class affluence.
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 826
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: Consensus and Conformity
20) Which one of the following was LEAST likely to reinforce the traditional image of women in the 1950s and 1960s?
A) Adlai Stevenson
B) Benjamin Spock
C) Betty Friedan
D) Doris Day
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 826
Skill: Factual
Topic: Consensus and Conformity
21) The conviction that a woman’s main role was still homemaking was used to
A) keep married women out of the workplace altogether.
B) redefine some occupations as acceptable for women.
C) justify lower wages and denial of promotions.
D) limit job choices to domestic work or child care.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 826
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: Consensus and Conformity
22) In American society during the Truman and Eisenhower years,
A) sexuality was seldom discussed publicly.
B) white, well-educated women had little difficulty in reassuming their traditional roles.
C) the attitude toward women’s roles drastically changed.
D) black women frequently lost the jobs they had held during the war.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 827
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: Consensus and Conformity
23) During the Eisenhower years of the 1950s, African American women
A) joined the women’s movement.
B) were able to move into white-collar jobs.
C) did not succeed in increasing their income.
D) had to take domestic work to survive.
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 827
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: Consensus and Conformity
24) During the 1950s, a group of authors who promoted unconventional values in their writings were known as
A) litterateurs.
B) the Beat Generation.
C) conformists.
D) hippies.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 827
Skill: Factual
Topic: Consensus and Conformity
25) A prominent member of the Beat Generation was
A) Jack Kerouac.
B) Betty Friedan.
C) Elvis Presley.
D) Dwight Eisenhower.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 827
Skill: Factual
Topic: Consensus and Conformity
26) Among those considered to be cultural rebels during the 1940s and 1950s in the United States was
A) General Douglas MacArthur.
B) John Wayne.
C) Elvis Presley.
D) Marilyn Monroe.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 827
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: Consensus and Conformity
27) A major concern of the Truman administration was
A) a lack of consumer goods.
B) the expansion of the welfare state.
C) a lack of population growth.
D) a return to the economic conditions of the Depression.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 828
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: Origins of the Welfare State
28) In terms of economic goals during this administration, President Truman attempted to
A) reduce government interference in the economy.
B) guarantee full employment through government action.
C) restrict the policies of the New Deal.
D) resist the liberal policies of the Republicans.
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 828
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: Origins of the Welfare State
29) In the midterm elections of 1946, the American voters
A) demonstrated reservations about Truman’s competency.
B) indicated their enthusiasm for Truman’s leadership.
C) overwhelmingly endorsed the principles of the Fair Deal.
D) defeated Truman for reelection.
Answer: A
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 829
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: Origins of the Welfare State
30) The passage of the Taft-Hartley Act
A) was an indicator of public reaction against unions.
B) reinforced the Democratic labor policies of the New Deal era.
C) gave federal protection for the concept of the “closed shop.”
D) had the strong support of Harry Truman.
Answer: A
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 829
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: Origins of the Welfare State
31) In the election of 1948, the Democratic Party
A) faced defections from the right and left wings of the party.
B) had no significant opposition from the Republicans.
C) was able to compromise satisfactorily on the civil rights issue.
D) refused to renominate Truman as their candidate.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 830
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: Origins of the Welfare State
32) Truman’s Fair Deal program
A) was an overwhelming success.
B) had the strong support of Congress.
C) suffered because of the president’s concern about the Cold War.
D) promised gains for a select few in American society.
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 829-831
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: Origins of the Welfare State
33) In comparison to his predecessors, Dwight Eisenhower
A) had difficulty in getting people to work for him.
B) had little desire to be president.
C) was abrupt and aggressive in his actions.
D) had limited experience with everyday politics.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 832
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: Origins of the Welfare State
34) In Eisenhower’s perception of the function of the government,
A) the government should have a limited role in the economy.
B) the role of the president should be expanded.
C) economic activism was an important role for the government.
D) the size of the federal government should continue to grow to meet the needs of the nation.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 833
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: Origins of the Welfare State
35) When President Eisenhower left the presidency in 1961, he
A) was extremely unpopular with most Americans.
B) had been unable to reduce the role of government in the economy at all.
C) accepted the fundamental features of the welfare state.
D) had managed to sell the Tennessee Valley Authority to private interests.
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 833
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: Origins of the Welfare State
36) What problems did black sharecroppers experience?
A) foreign competition
B) mechanization
C) eviction
D) All of the above.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 834
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Other America
37) How did many rural blacks respond to southern problems?
A) They moved to northern cities.
B) They placed their children in better schools in southern cities.
C) They found better jobs in southern cities.
D) All of the above.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 834-839
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Other America
38) All of the following describe the black church in northern cities EXCEPT
A) it provided day-care facilities.
B) it played an important role in sustaining black life.
C) it hosted Girl and Boy Scouts events.
D) it often rejected poor black families.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 836
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Other America
39) All of the following statements explain the efforts of President Truman regarding civil rights EXCEPT:
A) In 1946 he created a committee to investigate lynching and other racial problems.
B) In 1948 he presented a civil rights program to Congress—the first president to do so.
C) He issued a ban against discrimination in federal employment.
D) He helped Congress to pass major civil rights legislation and voting bills.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 836-837
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Other America
40) Latino immigrants in the United States after World War II came from
A) Mexico.
B) Central America.
C) Cuba.
D) All of the above.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 839
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Other America
41) Which Latin American nation created a partnership with the United States to provide labor during and after World War II?
A) Chile
B) Mexico
C) Peru
D) Panama
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 839
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Other America
42) All of the following relate the history of the braceros EXCEPT
A) working conditions were harsh.
B) some workers were deported by the federal government.
C) many workers stayed beyond their official agreement.
D) all braceros were returned to their home nation.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 839
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Other America