ECON 202
Test Bank: I Topic: The IllegalImmigration Debate
Which of the followingstatements is true about illegal immigration?
A. Illegal immigrants are often willing to work for less pay, keeping costs and prices for consumer goods and services lower.
Illegal immigrationreduces wages for U.S. workerswho are complementary inputs.
Illegal immigration tends to reduce wages less for previousimmigrants than for native-born workers.
All of the other answers are correct.
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-04 Relate how illegalimmigration affects employment and wages in low-wage labor markets and impacts state and local budgets.
Test Bank: I Topic: The IllegalImmigration Debate
The estimated fiscal burden of illegal immigranthouseholds in the United States is
$800 million per year.
$20 billion per year.
C. $50 billionper year.
D. $4.5 billion per year.
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-04 Relate how illegalimmigration affects employment and wages in low-wage labor markets and impacts state and local budgets.
Test Bank: I Topic: The IllegalImmigration Debate
Which of the followingstatements is true about the effects of illegal immigration in the United States?
A. Illegal immigrantworkers displace domestic-born workerson a one-for-one basis.
B. Illegal immigration has a negative fiscal impact that falls most heavilyon state and local governments.
Illegal immigrationnegatively affects wages and the standardof living for all domestic-born workers.
All of the other answersare true.
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-04 Relate how illegalimmigration affects employment and wages in low-wage labor markets and impacts state and local budgets.
Test Bank: I Topic: The IllegalImmigration Debate
U.S. immigrants (legal and illegal)have
higher prison rates and crime rates than the native-born population.
lower prison rates and crime rates thanthenative-born population.
C. lower prison rates, but illegal immigrants have higher crime rates, than the native-bornpopulation.
D. higher prison rates, but lower crime rates, than the native-bornpopulation.
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-04 Relate how illegalimmigration affects employment and wages in low-wage labor markets and impacts state and local budgets.
Test Bank: I Topic: The IllegalImmigration Debate
Illegal immigration positively contributes to the U.S. standardof living by reducing
the fiscal burdens of state and local governments.
the average wages of domestic-born workers.
crime rates.
D. prices of goods and services produced with illegal immigrant labor.
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-04 Relate how illegalimmigration affects employment and wages in low-wage labor markets and impacts state and local budgets.
Test Bank: I Topic: The IllegalImmigration Debate
Economic theory suggests that the optimal level of immigration in the United States
A. is zero.
B. occurs where the marginalbenefit of the last immigrant equals or just exceeds the marginalcost of the last immigrant.
occurs where the marginal benefit of the last immigrant equals or just exceedszero.
occurs at the level where the difference between the marginalbenefit and marginal cost of the last immigrantis maximized.
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-05 Demonstrate how economicscan inform current immigration discussions and attemptsto reform immigration laws.
Test Bank: I Topic: Optimal Immigration
Other things equal, the optimal number of immigrantswill be greater, the
A. greater the educationand skill level of immigrants.
lower the education and skill level of immigrants.
higher the unemployment rate of the destination nation.
greater the fiscal burden of each immigrant.
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-05 Demonstrate how economicscan inform current immigration discussions and attemptsto reform immigration laws.
Test Bank: I Topic: Optimal Immigration
82.
Refer to the figure. The optimal level of immigration in this country
A. is Q1.
B. is Q2.
is Q3.
cannot be determinedwith the information given.
AACSB: Knowledge Application
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-05 Demonstrate how economicscan inform current immigration discussions and attemptsto reform immigration laws.
Test Bank: I Topic: Optimal Immigration
Type: Graph
83.
Refer to the figure. An increasein the number of highly skilled and educatedpotential immigrants would
A. increase MB and increase the optimal quantity of immigrants.
reduce MB and reduce the optimal quantity of immigrants.
increase MC and increasethe optimal quantity of immigrants.
reduce MC and reduce the optimal quantity of immigrants.
AACSB: Knowledge Application
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-05 Demonstrate how economicscan inform current immigration discussions and attemptsto reform immigration laws.
Test Bank: I Topic: Optimal Immigration
Type: Graph
84.
Refer to the figure. If more criminals are in the mix of potentialimmigrants, how will this affect the optimal quantity of immigrants?
A. It will increase MC and reduce the optimal quantity.
It will increaseMC and raise the optimal quantity.
It will lower MC and raise the optimal quantity.
It will lower MC and reduce the optimal quantity.
AACSB: Knowledge Application
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-05 Demonstrate how economicscan inform current immigration discussions and attemptsto reform immigration laws.
Test Bank: I Topic: Optimal Immigration
Type: Graph
85.
Refer to the figure. An increasein the number of highly motivated and skilled potentialimmigrants will
A. reduce MB and increaseMC, lowering the optimal quantity of immigrants.
B. increase MB and reduce MC, raisingthe optimal quantity of immigrants.
increase both MB and MC, and the effect on the optimal quantityis uncertain.
reduce both MB and MC, and the effect on the optimal quantityis uncertain.
AACSB: Knowledge Application
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-05 Demonstrate how economicscan inform current immigration discussions and attemptsto reform immigration laws.
Test Bank: I Topic: Optimal Immigration
Type: Graph
86.
Refer to the figure. A weaker economy, characterized by higher unemployment rates, will
A. reduce MB and increaseMC, lowering the optimal quantity of immigrants.
increase MB and reduce MC, raising the optimal quantity of immigrants.
increase both MB and MC, and the effect on the optimal quantityis uncertain.
reduce both MB and MC, and the effect on the optimal quantityis uncertain.
AACSB: Knowledge Application
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-05 Demonstrate how economicscan inform current immigration discussions and attemptsto reform immigration laws.
Test Bank: I Topic: Optimal Immigration
Type: Graph
Other things equal, the greater the degree of complementarity between potentialimmigrants and native-bornworkers, the
lower the optimal quantityof immigrants.
lower the marginalbenefit of additional immigrants.
greater the marginal cost of additional immigrants.
D. greater the optimal quantityof immigrants.
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-05 Demonstrate how economicscan inform current immigration discussions and attemptsto reform immigration laws.
Test Bank: I Topic: Optimal Immigration
Other things equal, the optimal quantity of immigrantswill be greater,the
higher the unemployment rate in the destinationnation.
greater the degree of substitutability between immigrant and domestic-born workers.
C. greaterthe degree of complementarity between immigrant and domestic-born workers.
D. lower the rate at which immigrantscan be absorbed.
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-05 Demonstrate how economicscan inform current immigration discussions and attemptsto reform immigration laws.
Test Bank: I Topic: Optimal Immigration
(Consider This) Since 1990, U.S. immigrantshave founded of every public companies financed by venturecapital.
A. 1; 4
B. 1; 3
C. 1; 2
D. 2; 5
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-03 Explain how immigration affects averagewages, resource allocation, domestic output, and group income shares.
Test Bank: I Topic: Economic Effects of Immigration
(Consider This) According to the Council of Economic Advisers,
A. skilled immigrants regularly displacedomestic-born workers.
B. skilled immigrants pay more in taxes than they receivein services from the government.
immigration is a net drain on the U.S. economy and should be more tightlyrestricted.
children of immigrantsfrequently lack the skills to performwell academically, particularly in mathandscience.
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-03 Explain how immigration affects averagewages, resource allocation, domestic output, and group income shares.
Test Bank: I Topic: Economic Effects of Immigration
(Last Word) As a result of the Great Recessionof 2007–2009, illegal immigration to the United States
has increaseddramatically.
fell significantly during the recession.Since the recession ended, however, illegal immigration has increased, and the illegal immigrantpopulation is growingsignificantly again.
C. fell significantly, and the net flow of illegal immigrants followingthe recession has been close to zero.
D. fell significantly, and now there is a dramatic backflow that has the total number of illegal immigrants in the United States falling.
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-02 Discuss why economists view economicimmigration as a personal human capitalinvestment.
Test Bank: I Topic: The Decisionto Migrate
(Last Word) Which of the following best explainswhy the net flow of illegal immigrants to the United States has been close to zero (particularly since the Great Recession)?
A. Increasesin the Mexican birthratehave made migration more costly.
B. Mexico’seconomy grew rapidly from 2010 to 2014.
Immigration reform has reclassified many illegal immigrantsas legal immigrants.
Dramatic cuts in social servicesto illegal immigrantshas led many to return to their countryof origin.
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-02 Discuss why economists view economicimmigration as a personal human capitalinvestment.
Test Bank: I Topic: The Decisionto Migrate
True / False Questions
Any migration that affects the economies of the countriesinvolved is referredto as "economic immigration."
FALSE
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-01 Describethe extent of legal and illegal immigration into the United States.
Test Bank: I Topic: Number of Immigrants
There were over one millionlegal immigrants into the United States in 2013.
FALSE
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-01 Describethe extent of legal and illegal immigration into the United States.
Test Bank: I Topic: Number of Immigrants
The U.S. Census Bureau estimates that more than one million illegal immigrants enter the United States each year.
FALSE
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-01 Describethe extent of legal and illegal immigration into the United States.
Test Bank: I Topic: Number of Immigrants
Economists treat economic immigration as a human capitalinvestment decision.
TRUE
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-02 Discuss why economists view economicimmigration as a personal human capitalinvestment.
Test Bank: I Topic: The Decisionto Migrate
The existence of "beaten paths" tends to discourage immigration becauseof the perception that job prospects have been exhausted.
FALSE
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-02 Discuss why economists view economicimmigration as a personal human capitalinvestment.
Test Bank: I Topic: The Decisionto Migrate
Other things equal, younger workers are more likely to migrate than older workers.
TRUE
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-02 Discuss why economists view economicimmigration as a personal human capitalinvestment.
Test Bank: I Topic: The Decisionto Migrate
Welfare payments to immigrants have steadily increased since 1996.
FALSE
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-03 Explain how immigration affects averagewages, resource allocation, domestic output, and group income shares.
Test Bank: I Topic: Economic Effects of Immigration
Welfare reform in 1996 reversedthe trend of growing welfare payments to immigrants.
TRUE
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-03 Explain how immigration affects averagewages, resource allocation, domestic output, and group income shares.
Test Bank: I Topic: Economic Effects of Immigration
Economic researchconsistently finds that immigration negatively affects the average American wage.
FALSE
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-03 Explain how immigration affects averagewages, resource allocation, domestic output, and group income shares.
Test Bank: I Topic: Economic Effects of Immigration
If all nations prohibited the international migration of labor, we would expect world output to decline.
TRUE
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-03 Explain how immigration affects averagewages, resource allocation, domestic output, and group income shares.
Test Bank: I Topic: Economic Effects of Immigration
If the demand for labor in a countryreceiving immigrantsis inelastic, the immigration will increase the total wages paid in that country.
FALSE
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-03 Explain how immigration affects averagewages, resource allocation, domestic output, and group income shares.
Test Bank: I Topic: Economic Effects of Immigration
Business income will decrease in thenation from which workers emigrate.
TRUE
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-03 Explain how immigration affects averagewages, resource allocation, domestic output, and group income shares.
Test Bank: I Topic: Economic Effects of Immigration
If unemployed workers leave a nation, the standard of living (nationalincome per capita) will rise in that nation.
TRUE
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-03 Explain how immigration affects averagewages, resource allocation, domestic output, and group income shares.
Test Bank: I Topic: Economic Effects of Immigration
"Backflows" are payments made by immigrants back to their home countries.
FALSE
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-03 Explain how immigration affects averagewages, resource allocation, domestic output, and group income shares.
Test Bank: I Topic: Economic Effects of Immigration
Illegal immigrants displacedomestic-born workers on a one-for-one basis.
FALSE
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-04 Relate how illegalimmigration affects employment and wages in low-wage labor markets and impacts state and local budgets.
Test Bank: I Topic: The IllegalImmigration Debate
Illegal immigration can result in higher wages for domestic-born workers who are complementaryinputs.
TRUE
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-04 Relate how illegalimmigration affects employment and wages in low-wage labor markets and impacts state and local budgets.
Test Bank: I Topic: The IllegalImmigration Debate
Economic models of illegal immigrationsuggest that domestic-born workers avoid certaintypes of work more because the inflow of immigrants has reduced wages, rather than because the work is unpleasant.
TRUE
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-04 Relate how illegalimmigration affects employment and wages in low-wage labor markets and impacts state and local budgets.
Test Bank: I Topic: The IllegalImmigration Debate
Removing all illegal immigrants would expand domestic-bornemployment by an amount equal to the number of illegal immigrantsremoved.
FALSE
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-04 Relate how illegalimmigration affects employment and wages in low-wage labor markets and impacts state and local budgets.
Test Bank: I Topic: The IllegalImmigration Debate
Illegal immigration helps improvethe standard of living for U.S. citizens by keepingprices lower.
TRUE
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-04 Relate how illegalimmigration affects employment and wages in low-wage labor markets and impacts state and local budgets.
Test Bank: I Topic: The IllegalImmigration Debate
Illegal immigrants overall contributemore in taxes thanthey receive in services from state and local governments.
FALSE
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-04 Relate how illegalimmigration affects employment and wages in low-wage labor markets and impacts state and local budgets.
Test Bank: I Topic: The IllegalImmigration Debate
U.S. immigrants (legal and illegal combined)have lower prison rates thanthenative-born population.
TRUE
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-04 Relate how illegalimmigration affects employment and wages in low-wage labor markets and impacts state and local budgets.
Test Bank: I Topic: The IllegalImmigration Debate
Illegal immigration has little effect on the average level of wages in the United States.
TRUE
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-04 Relate how illegalimmigration affects employment and wages in low-wage labor markets and impacts state and local budgets.
Test Bank: I Topic: The IllegalImmigration Debate
Economic theory suggests that immigration should be allowed into a country until the marginalbenefit of the last immigrant is zero.
FALSE
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-05 Demonstrate how economicscan inform current immigration discussions and attemptsto reform immigration laws.
Test Bank: I Topic: Optimal Immigration
The optimal level of immigration occurswhere marginal benefit is at its greatest.
FALSE
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-05 Demonstrate how economicscan inform current immigration discussions and attemptsto reform immigration laws.
Test Bank: I Topic: Optimal Immigration
Multiple Choice Questions
Which of the followinggroups does not fit in with the others?
illegal immigrants
undocumented workers
C. green-card holders
D. overstaying aliens
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-01 Describethe extent of legal and illegal immigration into the United States.
Test Bank: II Topic: Number of Immigrants
Which of the followinggroups does not belong with the others?
permanent residents
green-card recipients
temporary immigrants
D. overstaying aliens
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-01 Describethe extent of legal and illegal immigration into the United States.
Test Bank: II Topic: Number of Immigrants
Between 2004 and 2013, legal immigration into the U.S. averaged about
A. 500,000 per year.
B. 1 millionper year.
1.5 million per year.
2.5 million per year.
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-01 Describethe extent of legal and illegal immigration into the United States.
Test Bank: II Topic: Number of Immigrants
Beginning in 1990,the Federal government
A. decreased the annual immigration quota from 700,000 to 500,000.
B. increased the annual immigration quota from 500,000to 700,000.
increased the annual immigration quota from 250,000 to 500,000.
increased the annual immigration quota from 500,000to 1 million.
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-01 Describethe extent of legal and illegal immigration into the United States.
Test Bank: II Topic: Number of Immigrants
Legal immigration into the U.S. can be done through the following ways, except
annual immigration quotas.
refugee program.
H1-B provision.
D. tourismvisas.
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-01 Describethe extent of legal and illegal immigration into the United States.
Test Bank: II Topic: Number of Immigrants
There was a spike in U.S. legal immigration from 1989 to 1991 due to
an unstable political situation in Mexico.
increased international travel.
tremendous economic growth in the U.S. economy.
D. an amnestyprogram legalizing formerly illegal immigrants.
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-01 Describethe extent of legal and illegal immigration into the United States.
Test Bank: II Topic: Number of Immigrants
In 2013, which of the following countries contributed the largest number of legal immigrantsinto the U.S.?
A. China
India
Philippines
Dominican Republic
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-01 Describethe extent of legal and illegal immigration into the United States.
Test Bank: II Topic: Number of Immigrants
Among those who became permanentlegal residents of the U.S. in 2013, about how many were family sponsored?
A. 66 percent
40 percent
33 percent
25 percent
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-01 Describethe extent of legal and illegal immigration into the United States.
Test Bank: II Topic: Number of Immigrants
Of all of the people who became permanentlegal residents of the U.S. in 2013, about how many were sponsored by employers?
A. 5 percent
B. 16 percent
25 percent
33 percent
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-01 Describethe extent of legal and illegal immigration into the United States.
Test Bank: II Topic: Number of Immigrants
What is the quota for "diversity immigrants" into the U.S.?
1 million per year
500,000 per year
C. 50,000 per year
D. 25,000 per year
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-01 Describethe extent of legal and illegal immigration into the United States.
Test Bank: II Topic: Number of Immigrants
Because the applications for "diversity immigration" into the U.S. far exceed the quota every year, the slots are filled through
A. an annual lottery.
a first-come-first-served system.
a biddingsystem, allocation through prices.
political connections.
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-01 Describethe extent of legal and illegal immigration into the United States.
Test Bank: II Topic: Number of Immigrants
U.S. immigration law is heavilyweighted toward
A. family reunification. B.
diversifying the countries of origin.
refugees and asylum seekers.
skills and employmentpotential.
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-01 Describethe extent of legal and illegal immigration into the United States.
Test Bank: II Topic: Number of Immigrants
The U.S. Census Bureau estimates the number of illegal immigrants by subtracting the
sum of the past annual flows of legal immigrants from the past annual inflowsof all immigrants.
current number of legal immigrantsfrom the current total number of all immigrants.
current number of legal immigrantsfrom the past annual inflows of all immigrants.
D. sum of the past annual flows of legal immigrantsfrom the current total number of all immigrants.
AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand Difficulty:02Medium
Learning Objective: 25-01 Describethe extent of legal and illegal immigration into the United States.
Test Bank: II Topic: Number of Immigrants
The two leading countries of origin of U.S. legal immigrants in 2013 were Mexico and
A. China.
India.
the Dominican Republic.
the Philippines.