Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
47. In accordance with Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, which of the following factors can best explain a person’s difficulty in committing to a relationship?
A. financial insecurity
B. lack of self-actualization
C. preference to be alone
D. unfulfilled esteem needs
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Characterize approaches to motivation in everyday life.
Topic: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Feedback: Beyond Hunger and Sex: Motivation in Everyday Life, 341
48. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, before a person can feel safe, he needs to
A. satisfy his physiological needs.
B. find intimacy.
C. achieve self-actualization.
D. develop high self-esteem.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Characterize approaches to motivation in everyday life.
Topic: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Feedback: Beyond Hunger and Sex: Motivation in Everyday Life, 341
49. Dennis works as a salesman at a large retail store. He is happily married and lives in a safe neighborhood. He earns enough money to eat and provide for his family. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs is Dennis most likely to fulfill next?
A. physiological needs
B. safety and security
C. esteem
D. love and belongingness
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Learning Outcome: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
Learning Objective: Characterize approaches to motivation in everyday life.
Topic: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Feedback: Beyond Hunger and Sex: Motivation in Everyday Life, 341
50. At age 33, Ricky is a highly ranked partner in a law firm. He lives by himself and doesn’t find the time to socialize. He has a lavish house with an elaborate security system and owns a luxurious sports car. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, which of the following can best explain Ricky’s discontentment with life?
A. Ricky’s physiological needs are not being met.
B. Ricky’s need for belongingness is not being met.
C. Ricky's esteem needs are not fulfilled.
D. Ricky does not feel safe at home.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Learning Outcome: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
Learning Objective: Characterize approaches to motivation in everyday life.
Topic: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Feedback: Beyond Hunger and Sex: Motivation in Everyday Life, 341
51. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs must be met first?
A. physiological needs
B. safety needs
C. belongingness and love
D. self-actualization
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Characterize approaches to motivation in everyday life.
Topic: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Feedback: Beyond Hunger and Sex: Motivation in Everyday Life, 341
52. William has volunteered to work in a war-torn country to try and improve the lives of the residents there. The citizens currently have enough to eat and drink. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, what would these citizens be in need of next?
A. safety
B. esteem
C. belongingness and love
D. self-actualization
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Learning Outcome: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
Learning Objective: Characterize approaches to motivation in everyday life.
Topic: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Feedback: Beyond Hunger and Sex: Motivation in Everyday Life, 341
53. Jared is a salesman at a large retail store. Upon meeting his monthly sales target, he is honored with the title of “Star Salesman” by the management. Despite the recognition, Jared is not very happy. He feels that the management should have rewarded him with a bonus instead of a title. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs is Jared seeking to fulfill?
A. Safety needs
B. Physiological needs
C. Esteem needs
D. Self-actualization needs
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Learning Outcome: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
Learning Objective: Characterize approaches to motivation in everyday life.
Topic: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Feedback: Beyond Hunger and Sex: Motivation in Everyday Life, 341
54. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, we seek to fulfill our need for love and belongingness
A. after our basic physiological and safety needs are met.
B. before our basic biological and safety needs are met.
C. after we have found self-actualization.
D. after self-esteem needs have been met.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Characterize approaches to motivation in everyday life.
Topic: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Feedback: Beyond Hunger and Sex: Motivation in Everyday Life, 341
55. The highest and most elusive of Maslow's needs is
A. esteem.
B. self-actualization.
C. belongingness.
D. competence.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Characterize approaches to motivation in everyday life.
Topic: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Feedback: Beyond Hunger and Sex: Motivation in Everyday Life, 341
56. According to Maslow, self-actualization is possible
A. immediately after the needs for safety and protection have been fulfilled.
B. immediately after the physiological needs have been fulfilled.
C. after needs relating to esteem, safety, physiology, and love have been met.
D. once people undergo training on how to attain it.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Characterize approaches to motivation in everyday life.
Topic: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Feedback: Beyond Hunger and Sex: Motivation in Everyday Life, 341
57. According to self-determination theory, what are the three basic organismic needs?
A. hunger, thirst, and sex
B. hunger, security, and love
C. competence, autonomy, and relatedness
D. hunger, esteem, and achievement
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Characterize approaches to motivation in everyday life.
Topic: Self-Determination Theory
Feedback: Beyond Hunger and Sex: Motivation in Everyday Life, 341
58. According to self-determination theory, competence motivation involves
A. drive-reduction.
B. self-efficacy and mastery.
C. environmental stimuli.
D. maintaining optimal arousal.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Characterize approaches to motivation in everyday life.
Topic: Self-Determination Theory
Feedback: Beyond Hunger and Sex: Motivation in Everyday Life, 343
59. Which of the following is true according to self-determination theory?
A. Self-determination theory is a drive reduction theory.
B. Organismic needs arise from deficits.
C. The needs emphasized in the self-determination theory primarily concern personal growth rather than the filling of deficiencies.
D. When behaviors serve the needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness, individuals experience extrinsic motivation.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Characterize approaches to motivation in everyday life.
Topic: Self-Determination Theory
Feedback: Beyond Hunger and Sex: Motivation in Everyday Life, 343
60. According to the self-determination theory, when an individual has a high sense of self-efficacy and a belief that he or she can gain skills and overcome obstacles, the individual's beliefs most likely reflects
A. relatedness.
B. extrinsic motivation.
C. competence.
D. homeostasis.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Characterize approaches to motivation in everyday life.
Topic: Self-Determination Theory
Feedback: Beyond Hunger and Sex: Motivation in Everyday Life, 343
61. Self-efficacy refers to
A. the belief that one has the competence to accomplish a given goal or task.
B. the sense that one can gain skills and overcome obstacles.
C. the need to engage in warm relations with other people.
D. the sense that one is in control of one's own life.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Characterize approaches to motivation in everyday life.
Topic: Self-Determination Theory
Feedback: Beyond Hunger and Sex: Motivation in Everyday Life, 343
62. Relatedness refers to
A. the belief that one has the competence to accomplish a given goal or task.
B. the sense that one can gain skills and overcome obstacles.
C. the need to engage in warm relations with other people.
D. the sense that one is in control of one's own life.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Characterize approaches to motivation in everyday life.
Topic: Self-Determination Theory
Feedback: Beyond Hunger and Sex: Motivation in Everyday Life, 343
63. Autonomy refers to
A. the belief that one has the competence to accomplish a given goal or task.
B. the sense that one can gain skills and overcome obstacles.
C. the need to engage in warm relations with other people.
D. the sense that one is in control of one's own life.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Characterize approaches to motivation in everyday life.
Topic: Self-Determination Theory
Feedback: Beyond Hunger and Sex: Motivation in Everyday Life, 343
64. Don places a great deal of value on money, prestige, and his physical appearance. According to your textbook, compared to someone who values the organismic needs, Don will be more likely to experience
A. lowered self-actualization and physical illness.
B. higher well-being but less physical illness.
C. higher well-being but less self-esteem.
D. less physical illness and well-being.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Learning Outcome: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
Learning Objective: Characterize approaches to motivation in everyday life.
Topic: Self-Determination Theory
Feedback: Beyond Hunger and Sex: Motivation in Everyday Life, 343
65. _____ emphasize independence and self-reliance, whereas _____ emphasize affiliation, cooperation, and interdependence.
A. Individualistic cultures/collectivist cultures
B. Collectivist cultures/individualistic cultures
C. Agricultural societies/urban societies
D. Poverty-ridden societies/wealthy societies
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Characterize approaches to motivation in everyday life.
Topic: Self-Determination Theory
Feedback: Beyond Hunger and Sex: Motivation in Everyday Life, 343
66. Competence, relatedness, and autonomy are examples of
A. extrinsic motivation.
B. intrinsic motivation.
C. environmental stimuli.
D. drive reduction.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Characterize approaches to motivation in everyday life.
Topic: Intrinsic Motivation
Feedback: Beyond Hunger and Sex: Motivation in Everyday Life, 344
67. Identify the true statement about extrinsic and intrinsic motivation.
A. Intrinsic motivation is believed to lead to more positive outcomes than extrinsic motivation.
B. Extrinsic motivation is believed more likely to produce competent behavior and mastery.
C. People whose motivation is intrinsic are most likely to show the least amount of interest and excitement.
D. Intrinsic motivation very rarely results in improved performance, persistence, or creativity.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Characterize approaches to motivation in everyday life.
Topic: Intrinsic Motivation
Feedback: Beyond Hunger and Sex: Motivation in Everyday Life, 344
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Summarize personality development according to Freud.
Topic: Individual Psychology
Feedback: Psychodynamic Perspectives, 369
55. Which of the following is true of Adler's individual psychology?
A. In Adler's view, pleasure is the key motivator in human life.
B. Alfred used the terms anima and animus to identify two common archetypes.
C. Adler believed that compensation is abnormal.
D. Adler argued that people have the ability to take their genetic inheritance.
.
56. Ethan is short and thin. Although he's not very strong or athletic, he excels in academics and has a great sense of humor. According to Adler, Ethan's attempts to overcome physical weaknesses by developing strengths in other areas are an example of
A. repression.
B. displacement.
C. sublimation.
D. compensation.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Learning Outcome: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
Learning Objective: Summarize personality development according to Freud.
Topic: Individual Psychology
Feedback: Psychodynamic Perspectives, 369-370
57. Alfred Adler believed that birth order
A. put first-borns at an advantage.
B. had the potential to doom anyone.
C. influenced how successfully a person strived for superiority.
D. only had an impact in the case of sensitive parenting.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Summarize personality development according to Freud.
Topic: Individual Psychology
Feedback: Psychodynamic Perspectives, 370
58. Catherine, a 15-year-old, has an elder sister and a younger sister. According to Adler, which of the following is most applicable to Catherine in the context of birth order?
A. She is likely to be the center of attention in comparison to her siblings.
B. She is most likely of the three to suffer from a psychological disorder.
C. She is most likely of the three to engage in thefts and other petty crimes.
D. She is likely to be inspired by her elder sister and strive for success.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Learning Outcome: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
Learning Objective: Summarize personality development according to Freud.
Topic: Individual Psychology
Feedback: Psychodynamic Perspectives, 370
59. Which of the following principles is common to all the psychodynamic perspectives?
A. Personality is not affected by current experiences, only by early life experiences.
B. Conscious motives lie behind people’s puzzling behavior.
C. Anxiety created by the conflict between the inner and outer world is easy to resolve.
D. Personality can be better understood by examining it developmentally.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Summarize personality development according to Freud.
Topic: Psychodynamic Theory
Feedback: Psychodynamic Perspectives, 370
60. Gladys is a therapist who is constantly reminding her clients that people have a natural capacity for personal growth and positive qualities. Gladys likely endorses the _____ of personality.
A. psychodynamic perspective
B. humanistic perspective
C. learning perspective
D. trait perspective
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Learning Outcome: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
Learning Objective: Describe and evaluate the humanistic approaches to personality development.
Topic: Maslow's Approach
Feedback: Humanistic Perspectives, 371
61. Brittney is a counselor who believes that her clients have the innate ability to make good choices. She accepts each individual as they are and as a person in the process of change. She holds that individuals are capable of controlling their lives and achieving their goals. Brittney is most likely to agree with the _____ of personality.
A. trait theories
B. psychoanalytic perspectives
C. social cognitive theories
D. humanistic perspectives
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Learning Outcome: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
Learning Objective: Describe and evaluate the humanistic approaches to personality development.
Topic: Maslow's Approach
Feedback: Humanistic Perspectives, 371
62. According to Abraham Maslow, which of the following traits is least likely to be associated with self-actualizers?
A. spontaneity
B. creativity
C. intolerance
D. sense of humor
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe and evaluate the humanistic approaches to personality development.
Topic: Maslow's Approach
Feedback: Humanistic Perspectives, 371
63. Which of the following is true of Carl Rogers's approach to personality?
A. Rogers believed that conditions of worth cannot become part of who we think we ought to be.
B. Rogers believed that each person is born with natural capacities for growth and fulfillment.
C. Roger believed that personality psychology should focus on understanding healthy, well-adjusted individuals.
D. Rogers believed that the person must not reconnect with his or her true feelings and desires.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe and evaluate the humanistic approaches to personality development.
Topic: Roger's Approach
Feedback: Humanistic Perspectives, 372
64. According to Rogers, an individual's need to be liked, loved, and accepted by others regardless of his or her behavior is called
A. unconditional positive regard.
B. conditions of worth.
C. the collective unconscious.
D. catharsis.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe and evaluate the humanistic approaches to personality development.
Topic: Roger's Approach
Feedback: Humanistic Perspectives, 372
65. According to humanistic theory, a child who receives _____ from his or her parents is likely to avoid the problems associated with _____.
A. unconditional positive regard/self-actualization needs
B. conditions of worth/positive self-regard needs
C. self-consistency/threats
D. unconditional positive regard/conditions of worth
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe and evaluate the humanistic approaches to personality development.
Topic: Roger's Approach
Feedback: Humanistic Perspectives, 372-373
66. Ivan is a child who experiences regular punishment from parents and is only rewarded for good behavior. According to Rogers, Ivan is likely to develop knowledge of
A. conditions of worth.
B. positive self-regard.
C. unconditional positive regard.
D. situational worth.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Learning Outcome: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: High
Learning Objective: Describe and evaluate the humanistic approaches to personality development.
Topic: Roger's Approach
Feedback: Humanistic Perspectives, 372-373
67. Which of the following is an important element of Carl Rogers’s humanistic theory?
A. self-concept
B. persona
C. archetype
D. sublimation
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe and evaluate the humanistic approaches to personality development.
Topic: Roger's Approach
Feedback: Humanistic Perspectives, 373
68. Which of the following is NOT one of the essential qualities needed in a relationship to reconnect with one's true feelings and desires according to Rogers?
A. unconditional positive regard
B. empathy
C. genuineness
D. defense mechanisms
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe and evaluate the humanistic approaches to personality development.
Topic: Roger's Approach
Feedback: Humanistic Perspectives, 373
69. Which of the following is a criticism of the humanistic perspectives of personality?
A. They focus only on observable behaviors.
B. They are too optimistic about human nature.
C. They are too critical of the behaviors of humans.
D. They tend to devalue the importance of unconditional love.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe and evaluate the humanistic approaches to personality development.
Topic: Roger's Approach
Feedback: Humanistic Perspectives, 373
70. Trait theories of personality
A. state that situational factors override personal characteristics.
B. focus on how the unconscious mind influences personality.
C. take a more optimistic view of human nature than humanistic psychologists do.
D. focus on lasting personality characteristics.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Discuss the trait perspectives.
Topic: Trait Theories
Feedback: Trait Perspectives, 374
71. Who is considered the "father of American personality psychology"?
A. Carl Rogers
B. Alfred Adler
C. Gordon Allport
D. Albert Bandura
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Discuss the trait perspectives.
Topic: Allport's Trait Theory
Feedback: Trait Perspectives, 374
72. Gordon Allport believed that healthy, well-adjusted individuals
A. show a positive but objective sense of self and others, and have a sense of humor, common sense, and a unifying philosophy of life.
B. use their innate strengths to fulfill their conscious and unconscious instincts for pleasure, and focus primarily on subjective reality to determine their own sense of truth.
C. have achieved self-actualization, are truthful, work for the common good, and believe in social justice.
D. do not use defense mechanisms, are logical, independent, and financially successful.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Discuss the trait perspectives.
Topic: Allport's Trait Theory
Feedback: Trait Perspectives, 374
73. Allport used _____ to conduct research on personality.
A. the personological approach
B. the lexical approach
C. projective tests
D. a thematic apperception test (TAT)
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Discuss the trait perspectives.
Topic: Allport's Trait Theory
Feedback: Trait Perspectives, 375
74. Which of the following statements accurately describes how factor analysis is used to identify personality traits?
A. Factor analysis allows researchers to create operational definitions of theoretically generated personality traits.
B. Factor analysis permits trait inferences by examining people's responses to ambiguous stimuli.
C. Factor analysis allows researchers to identify which traits go together in terms of how they are rated.
D. Factor analysis guides researchers who use projective tests.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Discuss the trait perspectives.
Topic: Factor Analysis
Feedback: Trait Perspectives, 375