CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX JAPANESE ART AFTER 1333
1. During the period known as Japonisme in nineteenth-century Europe, Western artists were greatly influenced by Japanese
A. pottery
B. fusama
C. woodblock prints
D. lacquer
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 26.d Apply the vocabulary and concepts relevant to post-1333 Japanese art, artists, and art history.
Topic: Ukiyo-e: Pictures of the Floating World
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It
2. During which period did a fully settled agricultural society emerge, accompanied by hierarchical social organization?
A. Kamakura
B. Nara
C. Heian
D. Yayoi
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 26.c Relate artists and art of Japan after 1333 to their cultural, economic, and political contexts.
Topic: Foundations of Japanese Culture
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
3. During the Edo period, intellectuals in Kyoto protested against the Tokugawa shoguns by
A. publishing woodblock prints.
B. supporting an imperial coup.
C. inciting student protests.
D. drinking sencha.
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 26.a Identify the visual hallmarks of Japanese art after 1333 for formal, technical, and expressive qualities.
Topic: Naturalistic and Literati Painting
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
4. What is a name for woven straw mats that are generally used in Japanese homes as floor coverings?
A. fusuma
B. tatami
C. raku
D. shoin
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 26.d Apply the vocabulary and concepts relevant to post-1333 Japanese art, artists, and art history.
Topic: Shoin Rooms
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
5. Which artist painted Landscape (Fig. 26-2), which illustrates the spirit of a Zen-influenced landscape tradition?
A. Bunsei
B. Wen Hu
C. Qin Ling
D. Weh Lin
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 26.c Relate artists and art of Japan after 1333 to their cultural, economic, and political contexts.
Topic: Zen Ink Painting
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
6. Which dry rock garden in a Zen temple is one of Japan’s most renowned Zen sites?
A. Ryoanji
B. Nara
C. Heian
D. Asuka
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 26.c Relate artists and art of Japan after 1333 to their cultural, economic, and political contexts.
Topic: Zen Dry Gardens
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
7. Which period of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was one of the most creative in Japanese history?
A. Heian
B. Nara
C. Asuka
D. Momoyama
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 26.c Relate artists and art of Japan after 1333 to their cultural, economic, and political contexts.
Topic: Momoyama Period
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
8. Which statement best characterizes the lifestyle of Zen monk-artists such as Shubun and his followers?
A. They specialized in art rather than religious ritual or teaching.
B. They used art to help teach the ideas of Zen to others.
C. Art was just one facet of their daily lives.
D. They lived a solitary nomadic life and traded their art for food.
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 26.f Select visual and textual evidence in various media to support an argument or an interpretation of a work of Japanese art after 1333.
Topic: Zen Ink Painting
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It
9. What characterizes works by the Kano school of artists?
A. a revived interest in Chinese art and culture
B. a painting style that combined traditions of ink painting with brightly colored decorative subjects
C. monochrome paintings in black and diluted grays
D. a preference for rustic unadorned surfaces and asymmetrical forms
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 26.f Select visual and textual evidence in various media to support an argument or an interpretation of a work of Japanese art after 1333.
Topic: Shoin Rooms
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It
10. What area of Japanese shoin-style interiors were frequently decorated with large-scale mural paintings?
A. tokonomas
B. shoji screens
C. fusamas
D. verandas
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 26.a Identify the visual hallmarks of Japanese art after 1333 for formal, technical, and expressive qualities.
Topic: Shoin Rooms
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
11. The Tea Bowl, called Yugure (“Twilight”) (Fig. 26-8), is attributed to Chojiro, thought to be the founder of what type of pottery?
A. raku
B. Mount Fuji
C. crackle glaze
D. Hokusai
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 26.d Apply the vocabulary and concepts relevant to post-1333 Japanese art, artists, and art history.
Topic: The Tea Ceremony
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
12. Which Japanese art form relied on collaboration among individuals?
A. wall paintings
B. hanging scrolls
C. kosode robes
D. ceramics
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 26.a Identify the visual hallmarks of Japanese art after 1333 for formal, technical, and expressive qualities.
Topic: Cloth and Ceramics
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
13. Work by contemporary artist Fukami Sueharu shows that Japanese artistic production today continues to be vibrant and lucrative in the field of
A. printmaking.
B. ceramics.
C. drawing.
D. painting.
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 26.e Interpret a work of Japanese art after 1333 using the art historical methods of observation, comparison, and inductive reasoning.
Topic: Japan after World War II
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It
14. The first book on the artist Hokusai was published in
A. Germany.
B. Britain.
C. France.
D. Italy.
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 26.c Relate artists and art of Japan after 1333 to their cultural, economic, and political contexts.
Topic: Ukiyo-e: Pictures of the Floating World
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
15. What kind of perspective can be seen in screens from both the Kano School and the Edo period?
A. atmospheric
B. linear
C. intuitive
D. diminutive
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 26.e Interpret a work of Japanese art after 1333 using the art historical methods of observation, comparison, and inductive reasoning.
Topic: Shoin Rooms; Naturalistic and Literati Painting
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It
16. The Zen monk-artist Hakuin Ekaku painted many images of _________.
A. Tokusho.
B. Bashu.
C. Motoura
D. Daruma.
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 26.b Interpret the meaning of works of Japanese art after 1333 based on their themes, subjects, and symbols.
Topic: Zen Painting: Buddhist Art for Rural Commoners
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
17. In the mid-nineteenth century, Japan’s policy of isolation ended. Western influences entered the country, and the emperor was restored to power, an event known as the
A. Nabeshima Restoration.
B. Kyoto Restoration.
C. Meiji Restoration.
D. Tokyo Restoration.
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 26.c Relate artists and art of Japan after 1333 to their cultural, economic, and political contexts.
Topic: The Modern Period
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
18. Which eighteenth-century artist was known for using the technique of nishiki–e in his prints of courtesans?
A. Suzuki Harunobu
B. Nagasawa Rosetsu
C. Toshusai Sharaku
D. Otani Oniji
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 26.e Interpret a work of Japanese art after 1333 using the art historical methods of observation, comparison, and inductive reasoning.
Topic: Ukiyo-e: Pictures of the Floating World
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
19. In the Edo period, new schools of philosophy developed in Kyoto based on
A. Jainism.
B. Christianity.
C. Zen Buddhism.
D. Confucianism.
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 26.c Relate artists and art of Japan after 1333 to their cultural, economic, and political contexts.
Topic: Naturalistic and Literati Painting
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
20. Ukiyo-e artists designed many prints of actors from the form of popular theater, known as
A. shoin.
B. oni.
C. kabuki.
D. otani.
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 26.d Apply the vocabulary and concepts relevant to post-1333 Japanese art, artists, and art history.
Topic: Ukiyo-e: Pictures of the Floating World
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
21. The landscape paintings of the Edo period reflect the interest in Chinese culture and ideas associated with Daoism of the
A. aristocrats.
B. literati.
C. samurais.
D. merchants.
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 26.c Relate artists and art of Japan after 1333 to their cultural, economic, and political contexts.
Topic: Naturalistic and Literati Painting
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
22. What material, applied to wood or leather in thin coats, is ideal for storage containers or vessels for food and drink?
A. monochrome paint
B. lacquer
C. porcelain
D. bronze
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 26.a Identify the visual hallmarks of Japanese art after 1333 for formal, technical, and expressive qualities.
Topic: Rinpa School Painting
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
23. The Rock Garden at Ryoanji, Kyoto (Fig. 26-4) has been interpreted as representing
A. people on horseback.
B. monsters on lands.
C. animals in the sky.
D. islands in the sea.
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 26.b Interpret the meaning of works of Japanese art after 1333 based on their themes, subjects, and symbols.
Topic: Zen Dry Gardens
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
24. Which folding screen format from the Edo period was a triumph of scale and practicality and could be folded for storage and transportation?
A. two-panel
B. one-panel
C. six-panel
D. four-panel
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 26.a Identify the visual hallmarks of Japanese art after 1333 for formal, technical, and expressive qualities.
Topic: Rinpa School Painting
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
25. Ike Taiga’s View of Kojima Bay (Fig. 26-12) blends Japanese aesthetics and his own personal brushwork with the models of which country?
A. Britain
B. India
C. Malaysia
D. China
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 26.e Interpret a work of Japanese art after 1333 using the art historical methods of observation, comparison, and inductive reasoning.
Topic: Naturalistic and Literati Painting
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Short Answer
1. What is the meaning of the Japanese phrase ukiyo-e? Associate this phrase with a specific artist and work.
Answer: The term means “floating world,” which refers to quarters that were places of excess, including restaurants, theaters, bathhouses, and brothels. Artists associated with ukiyo-e include Suzuki Harunobu, Toshusai Sharaku, Utagawa Hiroshige, and Katsushika Hokusai.
Learning Objective: 26.f Select visual and textual evidence in various media to support an argument or an interpretation of a work of Japanese art after 1333.
Topic: Ukiyo-e: Pictures of the Floating World
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
2. What were registration marks in the woodblock print process? Are they necessary?
Answer: Each block was carved with two small registration marks, in exactly the same place in the margins, outside the image area. These helped the printer align the paper before letting it fall over the block so that the colors would be placed correctly within the outlines.
Learning Objective: 26.a Identify the visual hallmarks of Japanese art after 1333 for formal, technical, and expressive qualities.
Topic: Ukiyo-e: Pictures of the Floating World
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
3. Who was a daimyo?
Answer: A daimyo was a feudal lord who ruled samurai in the Ashikaga political system in place of a centralized government power.
Learning Objective: 26.c Relate artists and art of Japan after 1333 to their cultural, economic, and political contexts.
Topic: Momoyama Period
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
4. What is a writing box? Describe the actual object and identify an artisan who made writing boxes.
Answer: Writing boxes held tools for writing and ink painting, with an ink stick, ink stone, brushes, and paper created by artists such as Ogata Korin of the Edo period. The ink sticks were soot or oil bound into a paste with resin. Brushes were made from animal hair set in simple bamboo or reed handles.
Learning Objective: 26.d Apply the vocabulary and concepts relevant to post-1333 Japanese art, artists, and art history.
Topic: Rinpa School Painting
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
5. What is the tea bowl’s significance in the tea ceremony?
Answer: The tea ceremony focuses on the quiet, restrained, and the natural. Tea bowls are made from clay and are renowned for their simplicity and natural irregularities.
Learning Objective: 26.b Interpret the meaning of works of Japanese art after 1333 based on their themes, subjects, and symbols.
Topic: The Tea Ceremony
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It
6. How did exposure to European firearms influence Japanese architecture?
Answer: Japanese castles became heavily fortified garrisons to defend against the new weapons. Angular paths, steep walls, and stone ramparts with narrow gates helped protect against foes.
Learning Objective: 26.c Relate artists and art of Japan after 1333 to their cultural, economic, and political contexts.
Topic: Architecture
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It
7. What inspired Tange Kenzo in the design of the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum (Fig. 26-19)?
Answer: In creating the museum, Tange combined the wooden forms of traditional Japanese architecture with concrete. The architect was inspired by Le Corbusier’s 1920s Modernist villas as well as rectangular shoin architecture.
Learning Objective: 26.b Interpret the meaning of works of Japanese art after 1333 based on their themes, subjects, and symbols.
Topic: Japan after World War II
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
8. Discuss the formal elements of Ornamental Box: Dancing in the Cosmos (Fig. 26-21).
Answer: The wood provides a natural, irregular texture, and the gold leaf provides a reflective contrast to the pastel paint.
Learning Objective: 26.a Identify the visual hallmarks of Japanese art after 1333 for formal, technical, and expressive qualities.
Topic: Japan after World War II
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It
9. Consider the changes that impacted Japan and the arts during the Meiji period.
Answer: The period marked a major change for Japan, which adapted aspects of Western education, governmental systems, clothing, medicine, industrialization, and technology.
Learning Objective: 26.c Relate artists and art of Japan after 1333 to their cultural, economic, and political contexts.
Topic: Meiji-Period Nationalist Painting
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
10. Discuss the current state of ceramics in Japan.
Answer: While artists continue to make traditional wares, they experiment with design, colored glazes, media, technique, and molds that combine Western influences.
Learning Objective: 26.d Apply the vocabulary and concepts relevant to post-1333 Japanese art, artists, and art history.
Topic: Japan after World War II
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It
Essay
1. Discuss the Muromachi period and the introduction of Zen Buddhism. Describe the impact of Zen Buddhism on painting.
Answer:
1. After a time of war between rival clans, the ruling samurai warriors of the Ashikaga family triumphed and ruled from Muromachi.
2. Zen Buddhism was introduced in the late twelfth century and was particularly admired by the samurai for its austere ideals.
3. Zen paintings, which encouraged meditation and contemplation of the natural landscape, emphasized the ideals with a more austere, monochromatic style.
4. The open spaces encouraged contemplation on emptiness, the void, and loneliness.
Learning Objective: 26.c Relate artists and art of Japan after 1333 to their cultural, economic, and political contexts.
Topic: Muromachi Period
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
2. Explain the phenomenon known as ukiyo-e. Consider the origin of this word and what it came to mean. Build your discussion on specific artists and their work, referring to technique, style, subject matter, and audience.
Answer:
1. Ukiyo-e prints were popular with patrons from all classes and highlighted the pleasure quarters and their inhabitants, such as actors and courtesans.
2. Images of Japanese landscapes were also common subjects and found great popularity with Western artists during the nineteenth century.
3. The production required an artist, a carver, and a printer, as well as a publisher who commissioned the project and distributed it to stores or traveling vendors.
4. Hokusai was one of the most well-known and respected printmakers; he created albums and series that captured fleeting moments in time, such as The Great Wave (Fig. 26-14). The print emphasizes the power of nature and the Japanese landscape with Mount Fuji in the background.
Learning Objective: 26.f Select visual and textual evidence in various media to support an argument or an interpretation of a work of Japanese art after 1333.
Topic: Ukiyo-e: Pictures of the Floating World
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
3. Write a comparison of artistic production in Kyoto and Edo during the Edo period. Consider how the different social and economic contexts of each city influenced issues of patronage, style, and the types of art produced.
Answer:
1. In Edo, the arts reflected the shogun’s rule and a Neo-Confucian philosophy.
2. In Kyoto, wealthy merchants, artists, and craftspeople recalled the styles of the earlier Heian period in style, creating the Rinpa School.
3. Artists in Kyoto were much further away from the shogun’s watchful eye and had more freedom to experiment with different art forms and styles, such as seen in Waves at Matsushima (Fig. 26-9) and the later Bull and Puppy (Fig. 26-11).
4. Woodblock prints became popular in Edo because it had the largest ukiyo-e. The commoners could not afford paintings, but they could obtain prints.
Learning Objective: 26.e Interpret a work of Japanese art after 1333 using the art historical methods of observation, comparison, and inductive reasoning.
Topic: Edo Period
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It
4. Compare and contrast Winter Landscape (Fig. 26-3) and View of Kojima Bay (Fig. 26-12) in terms of form, composition, and content.
Answer:
1. Sesshu’s work is informed by Zen Buddhism and his travels to China; Taiga’s is informed by literati traditions, such as uniqueness and self-cultivation.
2. Sesshu’s painting shows very angular and aggressive brushwork; Taiga’s work shows rhythmic, rounded, and more sensual brushwork.
3. Both paintings shows the landscape at a particular time of year and the emotions and feelings of seasons.
4. The composition of Taiga’s work flows seamlessly from foreground to middle ground to background; Sesshu’s work shows an overlapping landscape with an ambiguous background.
Learning Objective: 26.e Interpret a work of Japanese art after 1333 using the art historical methods of observation, comparison, and inductive reasoning.
Topic: Zen Ink Painting; Naturalistic and Literati Painting
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It
5. Describe the aesthetics of the Kano School’s Appreciation of Painting (Fig. 26-6) and Sotatsu’s Waves at Matsushima (Fig. 26-9).
Answer:
1. Both paintings were created on paper screens; however, the Kano painting is an example of a sliding screen and Sotatsu’s paintings were created as folding screens.
2. The painting in the style of the Edo period emphasizes more atmospheric qualities and lacks figural representations; the Momoyama period painting shows figures in an atmospheric but more terrestrial landscape, and they are examining paintings.
3. Gold leaf, ink, and color enhance the luxurious nature and reflective qualities in both paintings.
4. The mountainous islands echo the swing and sweep of the waves in the more abstract painting by Sotatsu.
Learning Objective: 26.e Interpret a work of Japanese art after 1333 using the art historical methods of observation, comparison, and inductive reasoning.
Topic: Momoyama Period; Edo Period
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It
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