CHAPTER SIXTEEN ROMANESQUE ART
Multiple Choice
1. The Church of Sant Vincenç (Fig. 16-3) is an example of the “First Romanesque” because
A. it is laid out on a pilgrimage plan.
B. it is laid out on a basilica plan.
C. it relies on stone vaulting and masonry construction.
D. the design allowed for flat-wall continuity along the nave.
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 16.f Select visual and textual evidence in various media to support an argument or an interpretation of a work of Romanesque art.
Topic: “First Romanesque”
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It
2. Which was the largest church in Europe at the time of its completion in 1130?
A. San Miniato
B. Saint Peter’s
C. Cluny III
D. Santo Domingo
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 16.c Relate Romanesque art and artists to their cultural, economic, and political contexts.
Topic: Cluny
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
3. What is the Leaning Tower of Pisa at the cathedral complex at Pisa?
A. baptistry
B. crypt
C. campanile
D. altar
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 16.d Apply the vocabulary and concepts relevant to Romanesque art, artists, and art history.
Topic: Regional Styles in Romanesque Architecture
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
4. Which new system of masonry, which would become a hallmark of later Gothic architecture, was introduced in Durham Cathedral (Fig. 16-18)?
A. ribbed groin vaults
B. barrel vaults
C. transverse arches
D. strip buttresses
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 16.e Interpret a work of Romanesque art using the art historical methods of observation, comparison, and inductive reasoning.
Topic: Regional Styles in Romanesque Architecture
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
5. The nave of the Abbey Church of Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe (Fig. 16-13) shows the biblical story of
A. the Creation.
B. Noah and the Flood.
C. the Expulsion.
D. Tower of Babel.
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 16.b Interpret the meaning of works of Romanesque art based on their themes, subjects, and symbols.
Topic: Regional Styles in Romanesque Architecture
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
6. The oldest known bronze tomb effigy is of
A. King Ralph.
B. Rudolf of Swabia.
C. Reiner of Huy.
D. Homilies of Guda.
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 16.d Apply the vocabulary and concepts relevant to Romanesque art, artists, and art history.
Topic: Sculpture in Wood and Bronze
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
7. Cluny was unusual among monasteries because the abbot answered to
A. the Pope in Rome.
B. the Duke of Burgundy.
C. the local feudal lord.
D. the Bishop of Paris.
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 16.c Relate Romanesque art and artists to their cultural, economic, and political contexts.
Topic: Cluny
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
8. What feature distinguishes Cluniac churches in Burgundy from those elsewhere?
A. accommodations made in the design to fit the needs of pilgrims
B. the use of Corinthian columns and other classicizing elements
C. rich sculptural and painted decorations
D. an emphasis on regional style and tradition
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 16.a Identify the visual hallmarks of Romanesque art for formal, technical, and expressive qualities.
Topic: Cluny
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
9. The practical nature of the Cistercians led to what change in the traditional monastery plan?
A. the use of concrete instead of stone construction
B. key buildings placed at right angles to the cloister
C. the church separated from the cloister by a courtyard
D. an added clerestory, which provided natural light from above
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 16.f Select visual and textual evidence in various media to support an argument or an interpretation of a work of Romanesque art.
Topic: The Cistercians
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
10. What architectural element of Romanesque portals was used to depict the most important imagery?
A. jambs
B. archivolts
C. lintel
D. tympanum
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 16.a Identify the visual hallmarks of Romanesque art for formal, technical, and expressive qualities.
Topic: The Priory Church of Saint-Pierre at Moissac
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It
11. How do the reliefs on the left wall of the south porch of the Priory Church of Saint-Pierre at Moissac (Fig. 16-23) differ from imagery carved on the tympanum (Fig. 16-21) of that church?
A. They are more awe-inspiring and didactic.
B. They were originally painted in brightly colored hues.
C. They are more lifelike to convey human frailty.
D. They demonstrate the influence of Islamic art.
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 16.e Interpret a work of Romanesque art using the art historical methods of observation, comparison, and inductive reasoning.
Topic: The Priory Church of Saint-Pierre at Moissac
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It
12. What was the objection to the Reliquary Statue of Sainte Foy (Fig. 16-6) initially held by St. Bernard of Angers?
A. The reliquary’s form seemed idolatrous.
B. Monks had stolen the relics from the saint’s shrine.
C. The statue had been made by pagans.
D. Its use of gold and encrusted jewels was too gaudy.
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 16.c Relate Romanesque art and artists to their cultural, economic, and political contexts.
Topic: Relics and Reliquaries
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It
13. What could pilgrims who made the journey to Santiago de Compostela purchase as a badge that attested to their piety and accomplishments?
A. emblemata
B. shell
C. ankh
D. crucifix
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 16.b Interpret the meaning of works of Romanesque art based on their themes, subjects, and symbols.
Topic: Chapter Introduction
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
14. During the Romanesque period, what largely replaced mosaics on the walls of churches outside of Rome?
A. relief carvings
B. painted murals
C. marble inlay
D. bare expanses of stone
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 16.a Identify the visual hallmarks of Romanesque art for formal, technical, and expressive qualities.
Topic: Regional Styles in Romanesque Architecture
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
15. Carved historiated capitals such as The Magi Asleep and The Flight into Egypt (Fig. 16-25) inside the Cathedral of Saint-Lazare emphasize
A. the human qualities of the stories.
B. deep theological significance.
C. the importance of the church.
D. a moral lesson to be learned.
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 16.f Select visual and textual evidence in various media to support an argument or an interpretation of a work of Romanesque art.
Topic: The Church of Saint-Lazare at Autun
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
16. The imagery of the Norman Conquest depicted in the Bayeux Embroidery (Figs. 16-31, 16-32, and 16-33) is best described as
A. historical.
B. anecdotal.
C. inaccurate.
D. mythical.
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 16.b Interpret the meaning of works of Romanesque art based on their themes, subjects, and symbols.
Topic: Chronicling History
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It
17. What did the Scivias record about Hildegard of Bingen?
A. her day-to-day events
B. her musical compositions
C. her mystical visions
D. her treatises on medicine
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 16.d Apply the vocabulary and concepts relevant to Romanesque art, artists, and art history.
Topic: Sacred Books
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
18. Although a military failure, what helped to stimulate trade during the Romanesque period?
A. Norman battles
B. pilgrimages
C. the crusades
D. Dover castle
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 16.c Relate Romanesque art and artists to their cultural, economic, and political contexts.
Topic: The Church
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
19. In the relief Christ and Disciples on the Road to Emmaus (Fig. 16-1), Christ’s attributes of a hat, a satchel, and a walking stick characterize him as a
A. Good Shepherd.
B. Nordic king.
C. youthful emperor.
D. pilgrim.
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 16.b Interpret the meaning of works of Romanesque art based on their themes, subjects, and symbols.
Topic: Chapter Introduction
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
20. What was the earliest known illustrated record of contemporary events in England?
A. Liber Scivias (Fig. 16-38)
B. Book of Homilies (Fig. 16-35)
C. Worcester Chronicle (Fig. 16-30)
D. Codex Colbertinus (Fig. 30-34)
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 16.f Select visual and textual evidence in various media to support an argument or an interpretation of a work of Romanesque art.
Topic: Chronicling History
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
21. The First Crusade was promoted by Pope
A. Bernard of Clairvaux.
B. Alfonso VI.
C. Reinier of Huy.
D. Urban II.
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 16.c Relate Romanesque art and artists to their cultural, economic, and political contexts.
Topic: The Church
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
22. In keeping with the order’s emphasis on disciplined spiritual practice, which kind of architecture is characterized by simplicity, austerity, and purity?
A. Cistercian
B. Cluniac
C. Benedictine
D. Islamic
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 16.f Select visual and textual evidence in various media to support an argument or an interpretation of a work of Romanesque art.
Topic: The Cistercians
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
23. Which symbolizes the Holy Sepulcher and covers the main altar in the apse of San Clemente?
A. baldacchino
B. mausoleum
C. tapestry
D. capital
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 16.a Identify the visual hallmarks of Romanesque art for formal, technical, and expressive qualities.
Topic: Regional Styles in Romanesque Architecture
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
24. Any Romanesque image of Mary seated on a throne and holding the baby Jesus on her lap is known as
A. “The Throne of Wisdom.”
B. “Virgin of Compassion.”
C. “Theotokos.”
D. “Mater Dolorosa.”
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 16.b Interpret the meaning of works of Romanesque art based on their themes, subjects, and symbols.
Topic: Sculpture in Wood and Bronze
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
25. The oxen on the baptismal font by Renier of Huy symbolize
A. Pharisees.
B. prophets.
C. apostles.
D. seasons.
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 16.b Interpret the meaning of works of Romanesque art based on their themes, subjects, and symbols.
Topic: Sculpture in Wood and Bronze
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Short Answer
1. Describe the economic situation in Europe during the Romanesque period.
Answer: Europe was an agricultural society, and land was the primary source of wealth and power for Europe’s hereditary aristocracy. However, people from all levels of society were vulnerable to warfare, famine, and disease.
Learning Objective: 16.c Relate Romanesque art and artists to their cultural, economic, and political contexts.
Topic: Political, Economic, and Social Life
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
2. How does the Worcester Chronicle depict medieval society?
Answer: The text relates a series of Henry I’s dreams in which his subjects demand tax relief. Farmers, monks, knights, and abbots attend the king’s bed.
Learning Objective: 16.b Interpret the meaning of works of Romanesque art based on their themes, subjects, and symbols.
Topic: Chronicling History
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It
3. How did intellectual life bloom in the eleventh and twelfth centuries?
Answer: Monastic and secular workshops, which produced books, sculpture, and luxury goods, flourished.
Learning Objective: 16.c Relate Romanesque art and artists to their cultural, economic, and political contexts.
Topic: Textiles and Books
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It
4. What inspired the faithful to travel on pilgrimages?
Answer: Pilgrims sought rewards along the routes and could venerate the relics of saints.
Learning Objective: 16.c Relate Romanesque art and artists to their cultural, economic, and political contexts.
Topic: Chapter Introduction; The Church
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
5. How was the monastery of Cluny in Burgundy a city in itself?
Answer: There were 200 monks in residence, joining the church with domestic buildings and workshops, such as other churches, chapels, dormitories, refectories, stables, and the infirmary.
Learning Objective: 16.d Apply the vocabulary and concepts relevant to Romanesque art, artists, and art history.
Topic: Cluny
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
6. How did the exteriors of Tuscan basilicas differ from those of other early Christian basilicas?
Answer: The use of white marble and the inclusion of a campanile distinguishes Tuscan basilicas.
Learning Objective: 16.e Interpret a work of Romanesque art using the art historical methods of observation, comparison, and inductive reasoning.
Topic: Regional Styles in Romanesque Architecture
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It
7. How does Speyer Cathedral emphasize Ottonian qualities?
Answer: Soaring towers and wide transepts, along with a wooden roof, reflect the Ottonian influence.
Learning Objective: 16.c Relate Romanesque art and artists to their cultural, economic, and political contexts.
Topic: Regional Styles in Romanesque Architecture
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
8. In which cathedrals did masons experiment with vaults?
Answer: The Cathedral of St. James I Santiago de Compostela used three different kinds of vaults. The third church at Cluny used a 98-foot-high pointed barrel vault.
Learning Objective: 16.d Apply the vocabulary and concepts used to Romanesque art, artists, and art history.
Topic: Romanesque Architecture
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It
9. How was Dover Castle in England an example of providing for personal security?
Answer: The keep was surrounded by several walls, ditches, moats, and gatehouses to ensure security.
Learning Objective: 16.d Apply the vocabulary and concepts relevant to Romanesque art, artists, and art history.
Topic: Secular Architecture
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
10. How did the sculptors of the Priory Church of Saint-Pierre at Moissac achieve variety in their work?
Answer: Artists achieved variety through their use of static versus dynamic figures, stylized figures in a classical setting, and registers.
Learning Objective: 16.a Identify the visual hallmarks of Romanesque art for formal, technical, and expressive qualities.
Topic: The Priory Church of Saint-Pierre at Moissac
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It
Essay
1. Trace the stylistic development of the Romanesque church.
Answer:
1. In the First Romanesque churches, masons added vertical bands of projecting masonry joined by arches and additional courses of masonry to counter the weight and outward thrust of the vaults.
2. Nave, aisles and transepts were expanded to add an arcade and a gallery, allowing for more visitors.
3. Monasteries became small cities in themselves, with areas for religious and secular purposes.
4. Vaults were elevated and widened, opening the space of the central nave, with tall towers and spires.
Learning Objective: 16.a Identify the visual hallmarks of Romanesque art for formal, technical, and expressive qualities.
Topic: Romanesque Architecture
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It
2. Investigate and describe the decoration of Romanesque churches.
Answer:
1. Trumeaus, tympanums, and portals were heavily decorated with relief sculptures relaying Christian narratives.
2. Relics, free-standing sculpture, effigies, chalices, crucifixes, and altarpieces were used to decorate interior spaces of Romanesque churches.
3. Naves, aisles, apses, and transepts were brightly painted with fresco and were replacing mosaics.
4. Exteriors were usually plain stone, with small windows and large supporting piers.
Learning Objective: 16.a Identify the visual hallmarks of Romanesque art for formal, technical, and expressive qualities.
Topic: Romanesque Architecture; Romanesque Sculpture
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
3. Compare the use of religious imagery in illuminated manuscripts and codices.
Answer:
1. The Codex Colbertinus was a Romanesque conception, including the weightless, compact body of St. Matthew.
2. Nun Guda incorporated a representational self-portrait with elongated fingers and figures.
3. A Cistercian Tree of Jesse, included in a manuscript of St. Jerome’s Commentary on Isaiah, is devoted to images of the Virgin Mary. Her figure is fuller and more robust, with flowing drapery that is more classically inspired.
4. Hildegard of Bingen created imaginative depictions of religious figures and visions in gold leaf and bright colors.
Learning Objective: 16.e Interpret a work of Romanesque art using the art historical methods of observation, comparison, and inductive reasoning.
Topic: Sacred Books
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It
4. Examine the purposes, subjects, and iconography of sculpture in wood and bronze.
Answer:
1. Small sculpture was commonly used in church services and for personal purposes.
2. Bronze was much more expensive and used for wealthier churches and aristocratic and ecclesiastical patrons.
3. Mary as “The Throne of Wisdom” and crucifixes were popular subjects, as well as aristocratic portraits and effigies.
4. Numbers, animals, and shapes add iconographical information to the Christian narratives of compositions.
Learning Objective: 16.e Interpret a work of Romanesque art using the art historical methods of observation, comparison, and inductive reasoning.
Topic: Sculpture in Wood and Bronze
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
5. Compare the purpose and function of secular architecture to that of Romanesque monasteries.
Answer:
1. Both were concerned with glorifying the message of God and impressing the masses.
2. Secular architecture was geared toward providing personal security and protecting assets and resources.
3. Both used stone and were massive, with secular and religious structures, and acted as cities in themselves.
4. Monasteries often included large walls and natural defensives but was more concerned with keeping the monks in versus keeping marauders out.
Learning Objective: 16.f Select visual and textual evidence in various media to support an argument or an interpretation of a work of Romanesque art.
Topic: Romanesque Architecture; Secular Architecture
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know and Analyze It
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