Chapter 32 An Amazingly Detailed Script: Animal Development
1) The process of fertilization produces a/an:
A) embryo.
B) blastula.
C) morula.
D) gastrula.
E) zygote.
Answer: E
Topic: section 32.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
2) The phase during which embryonic cells arrange themselves into three layers is called:
A) cleavage.
B) gastrulation.
C) organogenesis.
D) fertilization.
E) induction.
Answer: B
Topic: section 32.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
3) A difference between a morula and a blastula is that the:
A) morula is a solid ball of tightly packed cells, whereas the blastula has a cavity in the center.
B) blastula has fewer cells than the morula.
C) morula has a hollow center, but the blastula doesn't.
D) morula is a well-developed embryo, and the blastula is an earlier stage of development.
Answer: A
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Application/Analysis
4) If an organism is missing the outer layer of skin upon birth, which of the following might be the cause?
A) improper development of the mesoderm
B) improper development of the endoderm
C) improper development of the ectoderm
D) improper development of the endoderm and the mesoderm
Answer: C
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Application/Analysis
5) Which characteristic is typical of the vegetal pole of an embryo?
A) The vegetal pole is composed of a single, large cell.
B) The vegetal pole is always hollow.
C) The vegetal pole contains relatively less yolk.
D) The vegetal pole has a relatively greater proportion of yolk.
E) The vegetal pole is the site of the development of the mouth.
Answer: D
Topic: section 32.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
6) Which of the following happens first in vertebrate development?
A) development of the neural plate
B) development of the neural crest
C) development of the neural tube
D) development of the notochord
Answer: D
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
7) Which is true regarding somites in an embryo?
A) Somites will become vertebrae.
B) Somites are found inside the notochord.
C) Somites will form the skull.
D) Somites will form the lungs.
Answer: A
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
8) In sea urchin development, the archenteron becomes the:
A) ectoderm.
B) endoderm.
C) digestive tube.
D) lungs.
Answer: C
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
9) Of the choices listed, the first event that occurs during embryonic development is:
A) germ layer formation.
B) blastula formation.
C) organogenesis.
D) cleavage.
Answer: D
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
10) Which of the following is a morula?
A) a fertilized egg
B) the group of cells that form the archenteron
C) a tightly packed ball of early embryonic cells
D) a hollow sphere of cells
Answer: C
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
11) During which stage of development do cells arrange themselves into three layers?
A) morula
B) cleavage
C) gastrulation
D) organogenesis
Answer: C
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
12) Which of the following is true of the animal pole of a zygote?
A) The animal pole is closer to the nucleus than the vegetal pole.
B) The animal pole is hollow.
C) The animal pole becomes the entire embryo.
D) The animal pole produces larger cells than the vegetal pole.
Answer: A
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
13) The blastocoel is:
A) a fertilized egg.
B) the group of cells that form the archenteron.
C) a fluid-filled cavity.
D) a hollow sphere of cells.
Answer: C
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
14) Migration of which of the following to different parts of the embryo produces various tissues and organs?
A) morula cells
B) the animal pole
C) the blastocoel
D) neural crest cells
E) notochord cells
Answer: D
Topic: Section 32,1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
15) Place the following steps of organogenesis in the correct order: (1) neural crest cells break away, (2) neural folds grow into a neural tube, (3) the notochord induces development of the neural plate.
A) 1, 2, 3
B) 1, 3, 2
C) 3, 1, 2
D) 2, 3, 1
E) 3, 2, 1
Answer: E
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Application/Analysis
16) What is the effect of higher concentration of bicoid protein in part of a fruit fly embryo?
A) It will develop into the posterior end of the organism.
B) It will develop into the heart of the organism.
C) It will develop into the head end of the organism.
D) It lowers the chances of embryo survival.
Answer: C
Topic: Section 32.2
Skill: Application/Analysis
17) A basic description of the function of morphogens is that they:
A) stimulate the formation of the ectoderm.
B) affect the course of local development.
C) kill cells during development.
D) stop all embryonic growth.
Answer: B
Topic: Section 32.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
18) At which of the following levels does bicoid work in fruit flies?
A) regulation of development of the head end, middle, and posterior end
B) regulation of development of organ systems
C) regulation of development of organs only in the thorax region of the organism
D) regulation of development of wings
Answer: A
Topic: Section 32.2
Skill: Application/Analysis
19) Which of the following is a process by which an initial set of genes turns on a second set of regulatory genes, which eventually turns on a third set of genes?
A) developmental chain reaction
B) gastrulation
C) the sonic hedgehog sequence
D) the genetic cascade
E) somite production
Answer: D
Topic: Section 32.2
Skill: Application/Analysis
20) Which cells are most important in initiating the production of bicoid protein?
A) limb bud cells
B) posterior portion cells
C) nurse cells
D) neural tube cells
Answer: C
Topic: Section 32.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
21) ZPA cells of the chick embryo produce which morphogen?
A) sonic hedgehog
B) sonic chicken
C) bicoid
D) chicken wing factor
Answer: A
Topic: Section 32.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
22) How long is the DNA in the homeobox sequence?
A) 4 base pairs
B) 68 base pairs
C) 180 base pairs
D) 362 base pairs
Answer: C
Topic: Section 32.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
23) What is the significance of the homeobox sequence studied in animal species?
A) Certain genetic instructions for development have changed very little over time.
B) Certain genetic instructions for development have changed a great deal over time.
C) Certain genetic instructions vary based on structural differences.
D) Certain genetic instructions vary based on phyla.
Answer: A
Topic: Section 32.3
Skill: Application/Analysis
24) Predict what would happen if a fruit fly regulatory gene that codes for a leg replaced a frog gene in the same position.
A) The frog would produce a fruit fly leg.
B) The gene would kill the frog embryo.
C) The frog would produce a frog leg.
D) The frog would produce a leg that is part frog and part insect.
Answer: C
Topic: Section 32.3
Skill: Application/Analysis
25) Two populations of cells may end up segregating themselves into different layers during development because they have different:
A) DNA.
B) sizes.
C) apoptosis programming.
D) phospholipid molecules.
E) cell adhesion molecules.
Answer: E
Topic: Section 32.4
Skill: Application/Analysis
26) What action by the individual cells involved can assist processes involving cell movement such as gastrulation?
A) transcription factors
B) microfilament growth
C) invagination
D) evagination
E) phagocytosis
Answer: B
Topic: Section 32.4
Skill: Application/Analysis
27) Without programmed cell death, your ________ might look more like a ________.
A) hand; paddle
B) head; hand
C) leg; heart
D) foot; hoof
Answer: A
Topic: Section 32.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
28) Development occurs:
A) throughout the life of the organism.
B) only in non-dividing cells.
C) only during growth of the organism.
D) only in animals.
Answer: A
Topic: Section 32.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
29) The end of a zygote that contains less yolk is the animal pole.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
30) In general, the endoderm gives rise to tissues located deeper in the body than those from the ectoderm.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
31) The blastocoel is the hollow cavity in the morula.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
32) Cleavage includes the stage of development between the zygote and blastula.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
33) The blastula is the stage of embryonic development in which cells migrate.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
34) Gastrulation begins at the sea urchin blastula's vegetal pole.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
35) The mesoderm refers to the middle layer produced during gastrulation.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
36) The blastula contains an internal structure called the archenteron.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
37) The mouth is the last thing produced by growth of the archenteron through the sea urchin gastrula.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
38) The archenteron is mostly made of the mesoderm.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
39) The notochord induces the formation of the neural plate in vertebrates.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
40) Somites are repeating blocks of ectodermal tissue.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
41) Cleavage and gastrulation take place in animals such as humans and birds but not in frogs.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
42) Early vertebrate embryos share a general similarity in shape in the period following somite development.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
43) Cells first arrange themselves into layers during organogenesis.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
44) During cleavage, the vegetal pole of a frog egg contains larger cells than the animal pole.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
45) The lenses of the eye are produced from the endoderm.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
46) Bicoid mRNAs are produced by the zygote.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 32.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
47) Even small concentrations of bicoid protein will cause the anterior portion of an organism to form there.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 32.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
48) Bicoid is only one type of morphogen.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 32.2
Skill: Factual
49) In chickens, the wings develop from a zone of polarizing activity (ZPA).
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 32.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
50) Homeobox sequences vary widely from one species to another.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 32.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
51) Versions of homeobox genes have been found in plants and fungi.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 32.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
52) Without cell adhesion, the primitive gut probably wouldn't develop during gastrulation.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 32.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
53) Eye cells can become beak cells once they are committed.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 32.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
54) Cell death during development will always have negative, possibly fatal, effects on normal development.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 32.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
55) Cells become more and more specialized as development progresses.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 32.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
56) Different cell layers may have different cell adhesion molecules.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 32.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
57) Menopause and puberty are both examples of developmental changes.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 32.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Match the following. Answers may be used more than once.
A) mesoderm
B) ectoderm
C) endoderm
58) Skeletal system
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
59) Digestive tract lining
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
60) Outer layer of skin
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
61) Most muscle
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
62) Liver and lungs
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Answers: 58) A 59) C 60) B 61) A 62) C
Match the following. Answers may be used more than once.
A) cleavage
B) organogenesis
C) gastrulation
63) Archenteron develops
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
64) Neural tube forms
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
65) Morula develops
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
66) Neural crest cells migrate
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Answers: 63) C 64) B 65) A 66) B
67) The morula stage is part of which phase of embryonic development?
Answer: cleavage
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
68) A zygote with animal and vegetal poles demonstrates what characteristic of some animal zygotes?
Answer: polarity
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
69) What are the three germ layers produced during gastrulation?
Answer: endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
70) You are a substitute teacher in a high school biology lab class on the day the students are dissecting frogs. A particularly bright student happens to notice that the left adrenal gland is malformed in her frog. She asks if a problem in embryonic development could have caused that. Although there may be more than one reason, what might you propose as an explanation based on embryonic development?
Answer: Neural crest cells that produce part of the gland may have died or failed to migrate properly.
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Application/Analysis
71) You are a substitute teacher in a high school biology lab class on the day the students are dissecting fetal pigs. One student finds that his pig's lungs, liver, pancreas, and digestive organs are either missing or small and malformed. The student scratches his head with his clean hand and says, "What went on here?" Although there may be more than one reason, what might you propose as an explanation based on embryonic development?
Answer: It is possible that many of the endoderm cells of the embryo died or did not develop properly.
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Application/Analysis
72) The earliest stage of development in which cells move to particular places in the developing embryo is ________.
Answer: gastrulation
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
73) During gastrulation in sea urchins, which forms first, the mouth or the anus?
Answer: the anus
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
74) The capacity of some embryonic cells to direct the development of other embryonic cells is called ________.
Answer: induction
Topic: Section 32.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
75) A highly conserved sequence of 180 base pairs that controls development in many species is a/an ________.
Answer: homeobox
Topic: Section 32.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
76) Programmed cell death is also known as ________.
Answer: apoptosis
Topic: Section 32.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
77) What are the three phases of early embryonic development in animals, and what key events occur during each phase?
Answer: The three phases of early embryonic development in animals are cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis. During cleavage, the zygote divides multiple times, producing a larger number of smaller cells. The result is a morula, a tightly packed ball of cells. Next, the morula develops a liquid-filled cavity (the blastocoel) and becomes a blastula. The second phase of early embryonic development is gastrulation, during which the three tissue layers–ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm–form. The gastrula also contains the archenteron, which will become the digestive tube. The third phase of early embryonic development is organogenesis. During organogenesis, the organs begin to form. In vertebrates, the first important event in organogenesis is the development of the neural tube, which represents the future brain and spinal cord.
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation
78) Evaluate and explain the importance of positional information and morphogens in induction.
Answer: The general instructions cells follow in gastrulation get them into general position, but in order to produce the specific structures and organs of an animal's body, the cells have to have a sense of where they are and which way they should be going. The "where" is "positional information." Because cells cannot see, such information must usually be communicated chemically. Morphogens are one general category of chemical messengers that impart positional information and influence development of neighboring cells. Now the cells have more specific information about what genes need to be turned on and how they should grow.
Topic: Section 32.2
Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation
79) If you could stop diffusion of substances in fruit fly zygotes, could you stop normal development? Why or why not?
Answer: Yes. Morphogens must diffuse from where the nurse cells deposit the morphogen mRNA. It is the diffusion gradient of high to low concentration that imparts positional information to cells. If all of the morphogens stayed at the anterior end, no "center" of the organism would exist–only anterior and posterior would exist. Normal organogenesis would not occur.
Topic: Section 32.2
Skill: Application/Analysis
Refer to the figure below, and then answer the question that follows.
80) Which label, A, B, or C, points to a structure formed from the archenteron during gastrulation?
Answer: B
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Application/Analysis
Refer to the figure below, and then answer the question that follows.
81) Which structure, A, B, C, or D, induces formation of the neural tube?
Answer: C
Topic: Section 32.1
Skill: Application/Analysis
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