Chapter 29 Defending the Body: The Immune System
Biology: A Guide to the Natural World, 5e (Krogh)
1) Any substance that can cause an immune response is a/an:
A) nonspecific defense.
B) microbe.
C) interferon.
D) antigen.
E) antibody.
Answer: D
Topic: Section 29.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
2) The skin serves as which type of defense against pathogens?
A) adaptive immunity
B) protective immunity
C) barrier to infection
D) innate response
E) complement
Answer: C
Topic: Section 29.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
3) Helpful bacteria that produce lactic acid would be a defense found in which part of the body?
A) female reproductive tract
B) stomach
C) skin
D) urinary tract
E) respiratory tract
Answer: A
Topic: Section 29.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
4) Which part of the immune system does not target specific microbial invaders?
A) antibodies
B) specific defense
C) antigens
D) innate response
Answer: D
Topic: Section 29.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
5) Which of the following would be best categorized as a phagocyte?
A) mast cell
B) lymphocyte
C) eosinophil
D) dendritic cell
Answer: C
Topic: Section 29.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
6) Which of the following cells release histamine?
A) mast cells
B) lymphocytes
C) eosinophils
D) dendritic cells
Answer: A
Topic: Section 29.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
7) Which cells in the immune system produce memory cells?
A) mast cells
B) lymphocytes
C) eosinophils
D) dendritic cells
Answer: B
Topic: Section 29.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
8) The response that targets specific (and only specific) pathogens is the:
A) phagocytosis response.
B) barrier to infection.
C) inflammatory response.
D) innate response.
E) adaptive immune response.
Answer: E
Topic: Section 29.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
9) In which type of response are Toll-Like Receptors (TLR's) important to pathogens?
A) protective immunity
B) adaptive immunity
C) barrier to infection
D) innate response
E) complement response
Answer: D
Topic: Section 29.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
10) Signaling proteins that alert the immune system an infection is present and that sometimes directly fight pathogens are the:
A) complement proteins.
B) antibodies.
C) cytokines.
D) histamines.
E) antihistamines.
Answer: C
Topic: Section 29.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
11) Histamine causes which of the following?
A) TLR production
B) increased permeability and dilation of blood vessels
C) antibody production
D) complement protein production
E) the anti-inflammatory response
Answer: B
Topic: Section 29.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
12) Which part of the innate response cuts holes in the cell membranes of pathogens?
A) complement proteins
B) histamines
C) antibodies
D) cytokines
E) fibrin
Answer: A
Topic: Section 29.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
13) Which part of the innate response can sometimes kill bacteria outright but mainly speeds up metabolism, improving the immune response?
A) histamine
B) macrophage attack
C) protective immunity
D) fever
E) fibrin
Answer: D
Topic: Section 29.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
14) Which of the following best describes the place adaptive immunity occupies in the animal kingdom?
A) All animals except sponges have adaptive immunity.
B) Only vertebrates, echinoderms, and mollusks have adaptive immunity.
C) Only vertebrates have adaptive immunity.
D) Only mammals have adaptive immunity.
E) Only humans have adaptive immunity.
Answer: C
Topic: Section 29.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
15) Lymphocytes and other white blood cells are produced in the:
A) thymus gland.
B) lymph nodes.
C) bone marrow.
D) heart.
Answer: C
Topic: Section 29.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
16) Lymphocytes that become part of cell-mediated immunity arm of the adaptive immune response develop in the:
A) bone marrow.
B) thymus.
C) intestine.
D) lymph nodes.
E) spleen.
Answer: B
Topic: Section 29.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
17) Lymphocytes that become part of antibody-mediated immunity arm of the adaptive immune response develop in the:
A) bone marrow.
B) thymus.
C) intestine.
D) lymph nodes.
E) spleen.
Answer: A
Topic: Section 29.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
18) The lymphocyte group that includes both CD4 receptor "helper" and CD8 receptor "killer" cells would be the:
A) macrophages.
B) mast cells.
C) dendritic cells.
D) T-cells.
E) B-cells.
Answer: D
Topic: Section 29.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
19) The lymphocyte group that includes antibody-producing cells would be the:
A) macrophages.
B) mast cells.
C) dendritic cells.
D) T-cells.
E) B-cells.
Answer: E
Topic: Section 29.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
20) Lymphatic tissue closely associated with the bloodstream as well as lymphatic circulation is found in the:
A) tonsils.
B) spleen.
C) thymus.
D) bone marrow.
E) intestine.
Answer: B
Topic: Section 29.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
21) Which statement about the B cells' abilities to produce antibodies is most accurate?
A) B cells wait to encounter an antigen and then copy it.
B) There are no B cells until an antigen is encountered.
C) There may be 100 million different B-cells, each producing a different antibody.
D) Most B cells are capable of producing any kind of antibody.
E) B cells don't produce antibodies until they develop in the thymus.
Answer: C
Topic: Section 29.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
22) Infected body cells can self-identify for destruction by the immune system by:
A) placing fragments of the infectious agent on their surfaces.
B) reshaping their membranes into a pattern that B cells recognize.
C) secreting hormones that stimulate macrophages.
D) releasing histamine.
E) becoming dendritic cells.
Answer: A
Topic: Section 29.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
23) CD4 and CD8 T cells are likely to become active when they:
A) interact with B-cells.
B) travel through the spleen.
C) travel through lymph nodes.
D) are attracted by the inflammatory response.
E) dock with a dendritic cell with a matching antigen.
Answer: E
Topic: Section 29.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
24) Why does producing a large "clone" of activated T cells also provide long-term immunity?
A) More cells are produced than necessary.
B) Some of the T cells can become B cells.
C) Some of the T cells become memory cells.
D) Leftover antibodies last a long time.
E) The cloned cells are stronger than the original cells.
Answer: C
Topic: Section 29.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
25) What is the explanation for why B cells come in so many different types that can produce so many different antibodies?
A) The genome of B cells is much larger than other body cells.
B) B cells can recombine their genes with T cells.
C) B cells can recombine their genes with the pathogen.
D) B cells have gene fragments that can shuffle or recombine.
E) B cells can regulate shape to match the antigen.
Answer: D
Topic: Section 29.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
26) Cells in the body that have been infected by a virus or bacteria are specifically killed by:
A) cytotoxic B cells.
B) mast cells.
C) dendritic cells.
D) regulatory T cells.
E) cytotoxic T cells.
Answer: E
Topic: Section 29.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
27) Cells that help initiate the adaptive immune response by placing microbial antigens on their surfaces are generally referred to as:
A) helper T cells.
B) antigen-presenting cells.
C) B cells.
D) mast cells.
E) regulatory T cells.
Answer: B
Topic: Section 29.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
28) Place the following in proper sequence regarding activation of the cell-mediated response: (1) dendritic cell migrates to lymph node, (2) T cells divide rapidly, (3) dendritic cell ingests pathogen, (4) CD4 and CD8 cells dock with dendritic cell, (5) dendritic cell presents antigen on its surface.
A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
B) 5, 3, 1, 2, 4
C) 3, 1, 5, 2, 4
D) 4, 3, 1, 5, 2
E) 3, 5, 1, 4, 2
Answer: E
Topic: Section 29.3
Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation
29) Which of the following best describes the role of regulatory T cells?
A) Regulatory T cells are a kind of helper T cell that stimulates B cells.
B) Regulatory T cells are a kind of helper T cell that stimulates cytotoxic T cells.
C) Regulatory T cells help limit the immune system response.
D) Regulatory T cells stabilize and support memory cells.
E) Regulatory T cells stimulate natural killer cells to attack tumors.
Answer: C
Topic: Section 29.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
30) A plasma cell is a cell that has differentiated from a:
A) B cell.
B) mast cell.
C) T cell.
D) dendritic cell.
Answer: A
Topic: Section 29.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
31) Which of the following is not true of antibodies?
A) There are many different kinds of antibodies.
B) Antibodies are secreted by plasma cells.
C) Vaccines can stimulate production of antibodies.
D) T cells produce antibodies.
E) Antibodies bind to antigens.
Answer: D
Topic: Section 29.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
32) Once you have had a primary exposure to a specific antigen and encounter this antigen again, you will mount a rapid immune response due to:
A) memory cells.
B) antigen-presenting cells.
C) antibodies.
D) cytotoxic T cells.
Answer: A
Topic: Section 29.3
Skill: Application/Analysis
33) Clumping of antibodies and antigens is referred to as:
A) coagulation.
B) agglutination.
C) antigen presentation.
D) neutralization.
Answer: B
Topic: Section 29.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
34) Attaching an antibody to an antigen so that the antigen cannot attach to anything else is referred to as:
A) coagulation.
B) agglutination.
C) antigen presentation.
D) neutralization.
Answer: D
Topic: Section 29.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
35) The virus HIV, which causes AIDS, infects:
A) mast cells.
B) B cells.
C) T cells.
D) phagocytes.
Answer: C
Topic: Section 29.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
36) AIDS has become a more manageable illness in developed countries in recent years due to:
A) vaccines.
B) changes in the viral genome.
C) medications that keep HIV from copying itself.
D) general resistance in the human population.
E) declining disease rates in most areas of the world.
Answer: C
Topic: Section 29.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
37) What does it mean when we say a vaccine is based on an "attenuated" virus?
A) The vaccine is a live virus that has been heat-killed.
B) The vaccine is a live virus that has been chemically damaged.
C) The vaccine is a similar species to the virus that isn't harmful (e.g., cowpox for smallpox).
D) The vaccine isn't the virus at all, just similar-shaped chemicals.
E) The vaccine is based on a virus that has been rendered harmless by lab-induced mutation.
Answer: E
Topic: Section 29.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
38) Which of the following is an autoimmune disease?
A) AIDS
B) type 1 diabetes
C) allergies
D) anaphylactic shock
Answer: B
Topic: Section 29.5
Skill: Application/Analysis
39) Which of the following is an autoimmune disease that affects women in far greater numbers than men?
A) type 1 diabetes
B) AIDS
C) allergies
D) lupus
Answer: D
Topic: Section 29.7
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
40) Which of the following would best be defined in part as an immune system overreaction?
A) autoimmune disease
B) chronic disease
C) allergies
D) cell-mediated response
E) cytotoxic T cell action
Answer: C
Topic: Section 29.5
Skill: Application/Analysis
41) What do many of the different kinds of allergies have in common?
A) They cause histamine release.
B) They result in high blood pressure.
C) They contribute to autoimmune disorders.
D) All allergens are living things.
Answer: A
Topic: Section 29.5
Skill: Application/Analysis
42) Why may a transplanted organ be rejected by the immune system?
A) The organ contains different blood antigens.
B) The immune system produces a severe allergic response.
C) The organ contains different T cells.
D) The organ contains different B cells.
E) The organ has non-self surface recognition molecules.
Answer: E
Topic: Section 29.5
Skill: Application/Analysis
43) Immune therapy research with potential to work in alleviating both organ rejection and autoimmune disease involves:
A) antibodies.
B) regulatory T cells.
C) vaccines.
D) cytotoxic T cell action.
Answer: B
Topic: Section 29.6
Skill: Application/Analysis
44) An antigen is any foreign substance that elicits an immune response.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 29.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
45) Macrophages and dendritic cells can both be antigen presenting cells.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 29.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
46) Complement proteins are antibodies produced by skin cells.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 29.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
47) Dendritic cells are the histamine-producing cells of the immune system.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 29.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
48) Stomach acid is one of our natural defenses against bacteria in food.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 29.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
49) Cytokines are molecules that cut holes in bacterial membranes.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 29.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
50) There are different Toll-Like Receptors for bacteria and viruses.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 29.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
51) Phagocytes can ingest pathogens, cells, and cell parts in the body.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 29.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
52) The natural killer (NK) cell specializes in attacking bacteria.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 29.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
53) T cells are a type of lymphocyte.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 29.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
54) T cells develop in the thalamus.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 29.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
55) Helper T cells are also called CD4 cells due to the receptors found on their surfaces.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 29.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
56) Lymph "glands" (nodes) swelling is a sign that an infection is present.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 29.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
57) Antibodies are produced by plasma cells and regulatory T cells.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 29.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
58) B cells are the main cells of the cell-mediated pathway.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 29.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
59) B cell receptors are specific to only one antigen.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 29.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
60) Antibodies may help phagocytes grab and ingest bacteria.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 29.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
61) Smallpox vaccines used today are heat-killed cowpox viruses.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 29.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
62) AIDS is an autoimmune disease.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 29.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
63) Therapy involving Toll-Like Receptors may be useful in treating some autoimmune disorders and cancers.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 29.6
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Match the following.
A) limit the immune response
B) facilitates adaptive response
C) B cell that makes antibodies
D) antigen-presenting cell
E) directly kills cells
64) Helper T cell
Topic: Section 29.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
65) Plasma cell
Topic: Section 29.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
66) Regulatory T cell
Topic: Section 29.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
67) Cytotoxic T cell
Topic: Section 29.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
68) Dendritic cell
Topic: Section 29.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Answers: 64) B 65) C 66) A 67) E 68) D
69) Inflammation is a type of ________ immune response.
Answer: innate
Topic: Section 29.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
70) What is a phagocyte?
Answer: A phagocyte is a cell capable of ingesting another cell or cell parts.
Topic: Section 29.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
71) The inflammatory response is caused by the chemical ________.
Answer: histamine
Topic: Section 29.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
72) Antibodies are a part of our ________ immune response.
Answer: adaptive
Topic: Section 29.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
73) Cowpox inoculation worked as a somewhat effective vaccine against smallpox because its viral particles were similar enough in ________ to smallpox viral particles.
Answer: structure
Topic: Section 29.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Refer to the scenario below, and then answer the following question(s).
You are walking in the park and see a few people crowded around a young lady who is lying on the grass. You notice a few wasps circling around some food on a nearby picnic table, and you ask what happened. One fellow says, "She was stung a minute ago and passed out right after saying something like, 'a penguin.'" You look and find an EpiPen® in the bag clutched in her hand. Recalling your first aid training, you inject her in her thigh with the EpiPen®. She quickly revives and lives happily ever after.
74) What happened to the young lady?
Answer: She was going into anaphylactic shock from the sting of a wasp.
Topic: Section 29.5
Skill: Application/Analysis
75) Between the hint in the name and what you learned in this section, speculate as to what an EpiPen® contains.
Answer: The EpiPen® contains an injection of adrenaline, also known as epinephrine.
Topic: Section 29.5
Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation
76) Explain the ways in which the two arms of the adaptive immune response are very effective yet different in their responses to pathogens. Be sure to compare and contrast their respective strengths and weaknesses.
Answer: The antibody-mediated response produced by B cells mainly uses "chemical warfare," in that the plasma cells that produce the antibodies do not directly kill pathogens themselves. Instead, the antibody molecules they produce kill the pathogens by agglutinating them and making them easier targets for phagocytes. This response is very effective at killing large numbers of small organisms in blood and body fluids but would be less effective against larger targets. The cell-mediated response produces killer cytotoxic T cells that are able to directly attack and kill larger "prey," such as infected body cells. This way the cytotoxic T cells can go after pathogens that have infected cells and other places out of reach of antibodies. Of course, killing one large cell at a time is much slower than releasing many thousands of antibody molecules that go on to kill many thousands of pathogens, but each has a role to play in fighting infection.
Topic: Section 29.3
Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation
77) Compare and contrast the benefits of histamine and histamine-producing cells with their potential risks to the health of the human body.
Answer: Histamine is released as part of the normal inflammatory response and, in particular, helps the innate response when the body's natural barriers have been breached. The increased blood vessel permeability in an injured area helps bring in phagocytes that will help clean up cellular debris and kill pathogens that may have entered. However, histamine is also behind many allergic reactions, locally producing the annoying symptoms of allergies such as hay fever, excess mucus production, irritated eyes, etc. More seriously, when an allergen has entered the blood circulation and histamine is released into larger blood vessels, vasodilation, blood-pressure drop, and reduced airway opening of anaphylactic shock may occur.
Topic: Section 29.5
Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation
78) Even though they are different species, cowpox exposure can render immunity to smallpox. Compare the connections between this fact and the causes of autoimmune disorders.
Answer: Recognition of something as foreign or "non-self" is all about structure and shape. Cowpox can render immunity to smallpox based on similar shapes of their viral antigens. The cowpox virus evokes an immune response that produces antibodies and memory cells, and when similarly shaped smallpox viruses enter the body, a prompt, strong immune response follows. Basically the same thing happens with autoimmune disorders. When a pathogen that has antigens shaped similarly to body tissues (e.g., has amino acid sequences similar to those found on body tissues) invades the body, it evokes an immune response that may also attack those similarly shaped tissues.
Topic: Section 29.5
Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation
Refer to the figure below, and then answer the following question(s).
79) The figure above shows antibody-mediated immunity. The cells indicated by a "1" are:
A) bacterial cells.
B) cytotoxic T cells.
C) helper T cells.
D) memory cells.
E) plasma cells.
Answer: D
Topic: Section 29.3
Skill: Application/Analysis
80) The figure above shows antibody-mediated immunity. The cells indicated by a "2" are:
A) bacterial cells.
B) cytotoxic T cells.
C) helper T cells.
D) memory cells.
E) plasma cells.
Answer: E
Topic: Section 29.3
Skill: Application/Analysis