CHAPTER 15—EUROPE TRANSFORMED: REFORM AND STATE BUILDING
1. "The economic and social changes that occurred during the fifteenth and early sixteenth century inevitably led to the Protestant Reformation." Discuss.
2. Was European Christianity in serious decline in the early 1500s? How did the ideas and actions of the Protestant Reformation change its nature and status?
3. What was "revolutionary" about Martin Luther, and what was not revolutionary?
4. Of the two major Protestant reformers, Luther and Calvin, who was the most revolutionary figure, and why?
5. What conventions covered marriage during the early modern period in Europe and how did these compare to those in other parts of the world?
6. Explain the differences in the terms Catholic Reformation and Counter Reformation.
7. Discuss the most significant individuals and events involved in the rise of Protestantism in Germany, Switzerland, and England.
8. Discuss, using examples, the impact of political, economic, and other non-religious factors as causes of the sixteenth century religious reformations.
9. Compare and contrast the Roman Catholic Reformation with the Protestant Reformation? Where did they share common ground and where did they differ?
10. What was the impact of the sixteenth century reformations upon the secularization of western civilization?
11. How did intra-Protestant and Protestant-Roman Catholic divisions influence events between the late 1500s and the end of the Glorious Revolution? Were the divisions intrinsically religious, or were religious differences in part the result of economic or social factors?
12. What were the most significant aspects of the witchcraft craze of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? Why was it so widespread? Why did it decline?
13. Compare and contrast the accomplishments of Henry IV of France, Elizabeth I of England, and Philip II of Spain. In retrospect, which of the three was most successful and which was least successful, and why?
14. What do historians mean when they refer to a European 'military revolution' during the 17th century?
15. Why did the government of France become the center of European absolutism? Why not Russia? Was it simply fate or chance or were there other factors which could explain why the era became known as the Age of Louis XIV?
16. Compare and contrast absolutism in central and eastern Europe with absolutism in Louis XIV's France and Kangxi's China.
17. Compare and contrast political developments in France and England during the seventeenth century. What are the possible differences between the two kingdoms which led to absolutism in France and limited/constitutional monarchy in England?
18. Of the major individuals discussed in this chapter, who was the most "modern" and who was the least modern? In answering this question, a definition of "modern" is required.
SHORT ANSWER
Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
19. "new monarchies"
20. Machiavelli's The Prince
21. the three estates
22. Johannes Gutenberg
23. Christian/northern Renaissance humanism
24. Desiderius Erasmus
25. indulgences and relics
26. Pope Julius II
27. Modern Devotion
28. "justification by faith"
29. Johann Tetzel
30. Purgatory
31. Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses
32. the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V
33. Peace of Augsburg
34. Ulrich Zwingli
35. John Calvin and Geneva
36. "predestination"
37. Henry VIII and the Act of Supremacy
38. "bloody Mary"
39. the Catholic Reformation
40. Dowries
41. Arranged Marriages
42. Monasticism
43. Pope Paul III and the Council of Trent
44. Ignatius Loyola and the Jesuits/Society of Jesus
45. Francis Xavier and Matteo Ricci
46. Spain's Philip II
47. the United Provinces of the Netherlands
48. the Battle of Lepanto
49. Henry IV, Huguenots, and the Edict of Nantes
50. Elizabeth Tudor
51. the Spanish Armada
52. the Thirty Years' War and the Peace of Westphalia
53. the witchcraft mania
54. mercantilism and Jean Baptiste Colbert
55. joint-stock company
56. Gustavus Adolphus
57. Louis XIV
58. Sun Kings
59. divine right theory and absolutism
60. Palace of Versailles
61. Frederick William the Great Elector
62. the Austrian Habsburgs
63. Ivan IV (the Terrible)
64. the Romanovs and Peter the Great
65. Saint Petersburg
66. James I, Charles I, and divine right
67. the Puritans, Oliver Cromwell and the New Model Army
68. the Glorious Revolution, William and Mary and the Bill of Rights
69. Baroque
70. Peter Paul Rubens
71. Gian Lorenzo Bernini
72. William Shakespeare
73. Dutch realism and Judith Leyster
MULTIPLE CHOICE
74. The writer who best gave expression to the sixteenth century preoccupation with political power was
a.
Lorenzo Ghiberti.
b.
Niccolo Alberti
c.
Giorgio Castiglione.
d.
Niccolo Machiavelli.
e.
Desiderius Erasmus.
ANS: D REF: p. 383
75. Machiavelli's emphasis that the ends justify the means had been expressed earlier by
a.
China's Confucius.
b.
Japan's Minamoto.
c.
India's Kautilya.
d.
Rome's Cicero.
e.
Persia's Zarathustra.
ANS: C REF: p. 383
76. The third estates included
a.
priests and monks.
b.
kings and emperors.
c.
knights and squires.
d.
peasants, merchants, and artisans.
e.
b and c
ANS: D REF: p. 383-384
77. Peasants made up the overwhelming mass of the third estate except in
a.
England and Scotland.
b.
Aragon and Castille.
c.
Normandy and Aquitaine.
d.
Bavaria and the Balkans.
e.
Flanders and northern Italy.
ANS: E REF: p. 384
78. By 1500, poor city-dwellers constituted ____ percent of the urban population.
a.
10-15
b.
20
c.
30-40
d.
60-70
e.
85
ANS: C REF: p. 384
79. Which of the following was not a result of the development of printing in Europe?
a.
Research and learning increased.
b.
Standard textbooks were developed.
c.
More people began to read.
d.
Chinese influence over European affairs rose sharply because of their invention of paper.
e.
It played a major role in the Protestant Reformation.
ANS: D REF: p. 384
80. The most influential Christian humanist, who popularized the reform program of Christian humanism, was
a.
John of Ockham.
b.
Martin Luther.
c.
John Calvin.
d.
Desiderius Erasmus.
e.
Ulrich Zwingli.
ANS: D REF: p. 384
81. The individual who "laid the egg that Luther hatched" was
a.
Machiavelli.
b.
Erasmus.
c.
Gutenberg.
d.
Calvin.
e.
England's Henry VIII.
ANS: B REF: p. 384
82. Among the complaints of religious Europeans around 1500 was
a.
the belief that Catholic Christianity was being infiltrated by Eastern Orthodox and even Islamic doctrines.
b.
the belief that the clergy were too interested in financial matters and disinterested in religion.
c.
dissatisfaction with the orthodox beliefs and practices of the church.
d.
the charge that Pope Erasmus wanted to divide the church.
e.
fear that Manicheaism was corrupting the clergy.
ANS: B REF: p. 385
83. Which of the following was not a position taken by Martin Luther?
a.
Salvation would be achieved through faith.
b.
The purchase of indulgences would not lead to salvation.
c.
The German princes should establish a reformed German church.
d.
Acts of good work are the sole source of salvation.
e.
Reading the Bible is important.
ANS: D REF: p. 385
84. Luther's reforms included all of the following except
a.
clerical celibacy.
b.
a national church in Germany.
c.
new religious services, including Bible reading and preaching.
d.
a married Protestant clergy.
e.
salvation by faith.
ANS: A REF: p. 386
85. During the German peasant wars of the 1520s, Martin Luther
a.
sided with the peasants against an oppressive upper class.
b.
remained aloof and withdrawn.
c.
called for the German nobility to use any force necessary to subdue the uprising.
d.
was still an unknown monk with no political or religious significance.
e.
personally fought on the side of the peasants.
ANS: C REF: p. 385
86. As a result of the 1555 Peace of Augsburg,
a.
Calvinism became the dominant faith in northern Germany.
b.
Germany became highly centralized.
c.
Charles V reinforced his control over the German princes.
d.
Lutheranism became established as an alternative to Roman Catholicism in Germany.
e.
France was able to become independent of the Holy Roman Empire.
ANS: D REF: p. 386
87. The Institutes of the Christian Religion, a masterful synthesis of Protestant thought, was written by
a.
Martin Luther.
b.
Ignatius Loyola.
c.
Desiderius Erasmus.
d.
Albrecht Durer.
e.
John Calvin.
ANS: E REF: p. 388
88. Although John Calvin was born in ____ he spent most of his public life in ____.
a.
Germany / France
b.
France / Switzerland
c.
Switzerland / Austria
d.
Belgium / Germany
e.
the Netherlands / Austria
ANS: B REF: p. 388
89. The theologies of Luther and Calvin differed with respect to which concept/position?
a.
predestination
b.
justification by faith
c.
papal authority
d.
scriptural authority
e.
indulgences
ANS: A REF: p. 388
90. An important reason why Henry VIII broke with the Roman church was because
a.
he became a Lutheran.
b.
he wanted to develop a distinct English Christianity for nationalistic reasons.
c.
the Archbishop of Canterbury had a direct confrontation with the Patriarch of Constantinople.
d.
he could not get Rome's permission to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon.
e.
his dislike of women caused him to become an Anglican priest.
ANS: D REF: p. 388
91. After Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine of Aragon was annulled by the Archbishop of Canterbury,
a.
the English clergy forced him to take her back.
b.
Pope Clement VII reinstated the marriage.
c.
Charles V attacked England.
d.
Parliament finalized England's religious break with Rome by passing the Act of Supremacy, making Henry the head of the Anglican Church.
e.
English monasteries remained intact, in spite of their defiance of Cranmer's actions.
ANS: D REF: p. 388
92. After the death of Henry VIII, England
a.
returned to Catholicism.
b.
became Lutheran.
c.
established a republic, called the "Commonwealth."
d.
became more Catholic under Edward VI.
e.
became more Protestant under Edward VI.
ANS: E REF: p. 389
93. Which of the following are correct statements about life in Protestant Europe in the 1500s and 1600s?
a.
Clergy were required to remain celibate.
b.
Ministers were allowed to get married and have families.
c.
England's Henry VIII established the Lutheran Church in his kingdom.
d.
Differences with Catholics were always resolved peacefully.
e.
Women were given equal political rights with men.
ANS: B REF: p. 389
94. All of the following statements are correct except
a.
in Europe, as in China, most marriages were arranged by the parents.
b.
love was the major reason for marriage.
c.
the husband was to be the ruler and the wife was to obey.
d.
in the early modern period the family was the heart of the social order.
e.
in addition to obeying her husband, the wife's other role was to bear children.
ANS: B REF: p. 389
95. All of the following would characterize the Jesuit order except
a.
It was first led by a Spanish nobleman.
b.
It owed absolute obedience to the pope.
c.
It was committed to using education to restore Catholicism in Europe.
d.
It was responsible for the restoration of Catholicism in areas of Germany and eastern Europe.
e.
It arranged a theological compromise with the Protestants.
ANS: E REF: p. 389 | p. 391
96. The pope who began the reformation of the papacy was
a.
Paul III.
b.
Leo X.
c.
Clement VII.
d.
John XXIII.
e.
Julius II.
ANS: A REF: p. 391
97. The Council of Trent took the position that
a.
confession was now optional for women and ended for men.
b.
the interpretation of Scripture was an open question to be individually determined.
c.
faith and good works were required for salvation.
d.
there was no longer any validity for indulgences.
e.
the Bible should be made available in the vernacular.
ANS: C REF: p. 391
98. The Edict of Nantes
a.
destroyed Calvinism in France.
b.
legitimized Calvinist worship and permitted Calvinists to engage in politics in France.
c.
outlawed Calvinism in France.
d.
permitted Henry IV to continue the French Wars of Religion.
e.
declared Lutheranism and Anglicanism to be heresies.
ANS: B REF: p. 392
99. The "most Catholic king" and the ruler who sparked a civil war in the Netherlands was
a.
Charles V.
b.
Ferdinand.
c.
Philip II
d.
Francis I.
e.
Henry IV.
ANS: C REF: p. 392
100. Queen Elizabeth I
a.
was the first female ruler of France.
b.
became hated because of her attempt to restore Roman Catholicism in England.
c.
slapped Paul III in the face after a lengthy, and heated, theological debate.
d.
successfully survived the Spanish armada.
e.
engineered the brilliant English-Swedish naval success at the Battle of Lepanto.
ANS: D REF: p. 392
101. Among the major elements underlying the social crisis of the 1600s was
a.
that the Mediterranean area entered a steep economic decline as silver imports from Spanish colonies declined.
b.
a "little ice age" in the latter half of the 1200s, cutting food production and leading to famine.
c.
a sharp European population increase after 1635 cut per capita food availability by one-half.
d.
of increased gold imports from Africa which led to serious economic inflation.
e.
the onset of the White Death, a variant of the bubonic plague.
ANS: A REF: p. 392-393
102. During the European witch trails
a.
all the victims were women.
b.
most of the victims were poor.
c.
men were only accused if they had been convicted of other crimes.
d.
the rich could buy their release.
e.
only rural populations were targeted.
ANS: B REF: p. 393
103. Advocates of "mercantilism" argued for all of the following except
a.
governments should abstain from any involvement in the economy.
b.
a nation prosperity depended upon a plentiful supply of bullion (gold and silver).
c.
exports must exceed imports.
d.
tariffs should be place on foreign goods.
e.
governments should improve transportation facilities and grant trade monopolies to businesses.
ANS: A REF: p. 395
104. The Thirty Years' War
a.
was, fortunately, limited to a small area in southeastern Bohemia.
b.
was the first major war of the Renaissance Era.
c.
ultimately insured that the Holy Roman Emperor would determine the Empire's religious policies and that there would be just one, all-German church.
d.
was ended by the signing of the Peace of Westphalia.
e.
was fought between France and the Ottoman Empire.
ANS: D REF: p. 395
105. The traditional example of seventeenth century absolutism has been the rule of
a.
Louis XVI.