Chapter 14 The Union Reconstructed
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1) As the Allstons began to reestablish their lives after the Civil War, they found that
A) all of their former slaves had fled from their plantations.
B) the blacks had taken control of southern society.
C) it would be fairly simple to reestablish the old patterns of society.
D) new relationships would have to be established with their former slaves.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 461-462
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: American Stories
2) In trying to establish a policy for reconstruction of the South after the Civil War,
A) Congress readily agreed with Lincoln’s plan.
B) a conflict arose between Congress and the president about which had authority in the matter.
C) Johnson finally forced Congress to adopt his plan.
D) Congress rejected Lincoln’s plan.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 464
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: The Bittersweet Aftermath of War
3) In 1865, at the end of the Civil War, the Democratic party
A) represented an uneasy alliance of former Whigs and Know-Nothings.
B) depicted the Republicans as a group of rebels and traitors.
C) ruled victoriously over the government of the United States.
D) was in shambles organizationally.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 464
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Bittersweet Aftermath of War
4) In 1865, at the end of the Civil War, the southern states
A) contrasted starkly with the economic prosperity of the northern states.
B) readily accepted whatever reconstruction policy the North suggested.
C) had been affected only slightly by the war, both socially and economically.
D) quickly reestablished an industrial-based economy.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 463
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: The Bittersweet Aftermath of War
5) At the end of the Civil War, emancipated blacks
A) received ownership of 40 acres of land.
B) often changed their manners toward whites to demonstrate their freedom.
C) mostly remained on the plantations where they had been slaves.
D) immediately achieved full equality with southern whites.
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 466
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: The Bittersweet Aftermath of War
6) In the years immediately following emancipation, the freedpeople
A) considered securing jobs and land to be their primary goals.
B) preferred to work in gangs.
C) showed little interest in establishing a traditional family life.
D) showed little interest in acquiring an education.
Answer: A
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 466
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: The Bittersweet Aftermath of War
7) In the months immediately after the Civil War, the dominant emotion among southern whites was
A) fear.
B) anger toward plantation owners.
C) sorrow.
D) acceptance of blacks as equals.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 466-467
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: The Bittersweet Aftermath of War
8) During the Reconstruction Era, the “Black Codes”
A) reestablished slavery.
B) guaranteed freedpeople full political and civil rights.
C) desegregated southern society.
D) restricted the economic opportunities of the freedpeople.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 467
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: The Bittersweet Aftermath of War
9) Andrew Johnson’s plan for national reconstruction
A) proved to be very lenient toward the South.
B) pleased the Republican leadership in Congress.
C) called for harsh treatment of the South.
D) defended the interest of the planter class.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 468
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: National Reconstruction Politics
10) Radical Republicans created their own plan for Reconstruction, including
A) helping freedpeople make the transition to full freedom.
B) imprisoning rebel leaders.
C) promoting economic diversity in the South.
D) forcing southern states to pay the costs of the Civil War.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref:469
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: National Reconstruction Politics
11) The Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution
A) gained considerable support from President Johnson.
B) became the central issue of the midterm election, because Johnson spoke against Republicans and Democrats appealed to voters’ prejudices.
C) generated little controversy; all Americans endorsed it.
D) joined Democrats and Republicans in a shared cause.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 470-471
Skill: Factual
Topic: National Reconstruction Politics
12) The election of 1866 was critical in determining the outcome of Reconstruction because the
A) Democrats won a majority in Congress.
B) Republicans were defeated in the election.
C) president won great support from the people.
D) Republicans won an overwhelming victory.
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 471
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: National Reconstruction Politics
13) In the Reconstruction Acts of 1867, Congress
A) allowed southern states to deny blacks the right to vote.
B) provided for impeachment of the president.
C) divided the southern states into five military districts.
D) impeached President Grant.
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 471
Skill: Factual
Topic: National Reconstruction Politics
14) Congress impeached President Johnson for
A) the Credit Mobilier scandals.
B) permitting blacks to vote.
C) extramarital affairs in office.
D) violating the Tenure of Office Act.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 471, 474
Skill: Factual
Topic: National Reconstruction Politics
15) During the Reconstruction period, northerners
A) only reluctantly supported the idea of giving blacks the right to vote.
B) generally wanted to confiscate the property of southern whites and give it to the blacks.
C) enthusiastically endorsed the idea of black equality.
D) opposed granting citizenship to blacks.
Answer: A
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 474
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: National Reconstruction Politics
16) Chief among those who wanted to provide economic support for the freedpeople after the Civil War was
A) U.S. Grant.
B) Thaddeus Stevens.
C) Abraham Lincoln.
D) Andrew Johnson.
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 475
Skill: Factual
Topic: National Reconstruction Politics
17) In an overall analysis, Congressional Reconstruction for the freedpeople
A) provided blacks with an excellent foundation for the future.
B) attracted widespread support among southern whites.
C) provided economic, but not political opportunities.
D) provided little economic security.
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 474-475
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: National Reconstruction Politics
18) In providing aid to the blacks after the Civil War, the Freedman’s Bureau
A) concentrated on helping poor whites instead of blacks.
B) was characterized by mixed success.
C) was generally unconcerned with black needs.
D) was a total failure.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 475-477
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: The Lives of Freedpeople
19) At the end of the Reconstruction period, southern blacks in general
A) dominated southern politics.
B) remained economically dependent on southern whites.
C) had gained effective economic independence from southern whites.
D) had mostly migrated to the North.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 477-479
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: The Lives of Freedpeople
20) During the Reconstruction period, southern tenant farmers
A) found it easy to gain ownership of their own land.
B) united to confiscate the property of the landowners.
C) generally grew almost all of what they needed for survival.
D) seldom earned much money and fell into debt.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 479-480
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Lives of Freedpeople
21) During Reconstruction, poor blacks and poor whites in the South
A) largely owned their own farmland.
B) found economic independence through the tenant farming system.
C) often became sharecroppers or tenant farmers.
D) came together in harmony.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 478-479
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: The Lives of Freedpeople
22) During the Reconstruction Era, poor black southerners
A) generally embraced an emotional and revivalistic religion.
B) effectively combined with poor blacks to achieve political control of the southern state governments.
C) tended to accept the blacks as their social equals.
D) escaped from the tenant farming system.
Answer: A
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 480
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Lives of Freedpeople
23) In an attempt to improve their condition after freedom, blacks during the Reconstruction period
A) placed little emphasis on education.
B) encountered little white opposition to their educational efforts.
C) often worked through their churches.
D) relied exclusively on the Freedman’s Bureau.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 480-481
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: The Lives of Freedpeople
24) After the Civil War, as far as education was concerned, blacks
A) showed a thirst for knowledge.
B) found most southern whites supportive of their desire to learn.
C) had a higher percentage of school attendance than whites.
D) showed little interest in formal learning.
Answer: A
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 481
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: The Lives of Freedpeople
25) In the late nineteenth century, the black leader who continued to press for full citizenship rights for blacks in the United States was
A) Felix Haywood.
B) Benjamin “Pap” Singleton.
C) Frederick Douglass.
D) Benjamin Franklin.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 481-482
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Lives of Freedpeople
26) The Republican governments that controlled the southern states during Reconstruction were
A) supported by some white southerners.
B) usually more corrupt than state governments in the North.
C) generally accepted by most white southerners.
D) dominated by illiterate blacks.
Answer: A
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 482
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: Reconstruction in the Southern States
27) All of the following statements describe changes made to southern education during Reconstruction EXCEPT:
A) White and black school attendance increased.
B) The number of public schools increased.
C) Poor children were not allowed to attend school.
D) Segregation in schools remained largely the norm.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 484
Skill: Factual
Topic: Reconstruction in the Southern States
28) Which of the following statements describes the corruption in the South during Reconstruction?
A) It took place in railway bonds.
B) It took place in construction contracts.
C) It took place in land sales.
D) All of the above.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 484
Skill: Factual
Topic: Reconstruction in the Southern States
29) The Republican coalition lasted longest in the
A) Upper South.
B) West.
C) Deep South.
D) Midwest.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 484
Skill: Factual
Topic: Reconstruction in the Southern States
30) Stimulated by the Civil War, many American workers during Reconstruction formed
A) prisons.
B) unions.
C) asylums.
D) railroad companies.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 487
Skill: Factual
Topic: Reconstruction in the Southern States
31) By 1868, the Republicans had changed from a party of moral reform to a party of
A) material interests.
B) pro-black sentiment.
C) anti-southern sentiment.
D) pro-Democratic party sentiment.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 487
Skill: Factual
Topic: Reconstruction in the Southern States
32) During the late 1860s as Republicans lost interest in the South, American women like Susan B. Anthony
A) fought for women’s rights.
B) remained at home adhering to traditional values.
C) joined the U.S. Army.
D) gave up on helping other women.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 487
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: Reconstruction in the Southern States
33) All of the following statements describe the Credit Mobilier scandal EXCEPT:
A) President Grant was involved in the scandal.
B) The scandal involved certain congressmen.
C) The scandal involved a dummy corporation building transcontinental railroads.
D) Congressmen received stock in the company in exchange for generous contracts.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 488
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: Reconstruction in the Southern States
34) In 1872, which of the following men became president of the United States?
A) Horace Greeley
B) Ulysses S. Grant
C) Andrew Johnson
D) Abraham Lincoln
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 488
Skill: Factual
Topic: Reconstruction in the Southern States
35) Why did Reconstruction end?
A) Black issues became secondary to other national priorities and interests.
B) Financial panic and economic hard times distracted northerners.
C) Southern white Democratic violence halted black political control.
D) All of the above.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 488-489
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: Reconstruction in the Southern States
36) Which of the following states had disputed election results in the 1876 presidential election?
A) Louisiana
B) Florida
C) South Carolina
D) All of the above.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 489
Skill: Factual
Topic: Reconstruction in the Southern States
TRUE/FALSE
37) When the Allstons returned to their plantation at the end of the Civil War, they were unable to regain control of their property from the freed slaves.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 490
Skill: Factual
Topic: Conclusion: A Mixed Legacy
38) At the end of the Civil War, the newly freed slaves often demonstrated their independence by changing their behavior toward whites.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 466
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: The Bittersweet Aftermath of War
39) Because of the loyalty of their former slaves, southern whites had little fear that the freedpeople would try to take revenge on southern white people.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 467
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: The Bittersweet Aftermath of War
40) In the Memphis race riot of 1866, Union soldiers firmly defended blacks against attacks by whites.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 470
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: The Bittersweet Aftermath of War
41) President Johnson vetoed Reconstruction Acts, hindered the work of the Freedman’s Bureau, and undermined congressional Reconstruction efforts in many other ways.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 468-470
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: National Reconstruction Politics
42) Democratic governments created the South’s first public school systems.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 476
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Lives of Freedpeople
43) Republicans increased taxes and state debts in the South during Reconstruction.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 484
Skill: Factual
Topic: Reconstruction in the Southern States
44) By the 1880s, African American school attendance had decreased from 40 to 5 percent.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 484
Skill: Factual
Topic: Reconstruction in the Southern States
45) Class divisions among blacks in Louisiana helped to end Reconstruction there.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 484, 486, 409
Skill: Factual
Topic: Reconstruction in the Southern States
46) The primary reason for the Democrats’ return to power was violence.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 484-485
Skill: Factual
Topic: Reconstruction in the Southern States
ESSAY
47) Explain how blacks responded to their former masters after the Civil War had ended.
Answer: Black responses to their former masters varied, as evidenced by the reaction to the Allstons when they returned to take repossession of their plantations. In general, however, many blacks left the plantations (often only for a short period of time) in order to test their new freedom. Blacks also began to show less deference to whites as expressions of their new sense of self-worth.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 465-466
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: The Bittersweet Aftermath of War
48) Compare the economic conditions of the South with the economic conditions of the North during the period of Reconstruction.
Answer: In 1865 the northern and southern economies starkly contrasted. The war had stimulated northern industrial development, creating a dynamic and prosperous society. Northern agriculture also prospered. In the South, devastation and destruction prevailed.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 463-464; 466-468
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: The Bittersweet Aftermath of War
49) Discuss how southern whites reacted to the emancipation of blacks during the period of Reconstruction.
Answer: The basic reaction of southern whites to the emancipation of blacks was one of fear and a desire to impose as many controls and restrictions on black freedom as possible. In particular, southern whites feared black revenge for their mistreatment during slavery, especially in the form of rape and other forms of violence. In an attempt to preclude these things, southern white governments passed a series of “Black Codes” to regulate and control black activities.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 466-468
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: The Bittersweet Aftermath of War
50) Discuss President Johnson’s plan for reconstruction and Congress’s response to that plan.
Answer: President Johnson proposed a lenient plan for Reconstruction of the southern state governments, designed to remove the planter aristocrats from political power while favoring the small farmer groups. Congress, reflecting northern public opinion, wanted a harsher reconstruction that would punish the South for causing the war, help maintain the Republican party in power, and aid the blacks. After the overwhelming victory of the Republicans in the election of 1866, Congress imposed its policies through passage of the Reconstruction Acts of 1867.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 468-471
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: National Reconstruction Politics
51) Describe the general attitude of the Union soldiers stationed in the South toward blacks during Reconstruction. Support your answer by citing specific incidents that occurred during that period.
Answer: Many Union soldiers, like many northerners in general, tended to view blacks as inferior. They often sympathized with whites in disputes between southern whites and blacks. This attitude was clearly displayed in the reluctance with which Union soldiers intervened to protect black lives and property during the Memphis race riot in May 1866.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 461-463
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: American Stories
52) Discuss Congress’s plan for Reconstruction and explain what Congress hoped to achieve as a result of that plan.
Answer: Congress’s plan for Reconstruction divided the South into five military districts and set up certain conditions that the southern states had to meet, including granting suffrage to blacks, before a state could be readmitted to the Union. Congress hoped through this plan to punish the South, aid the blacks, and, through passage of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, ensure the continued control of the national government by the Republican party.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 469-471; 474-475
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: National Reconstruction Politics
53) Discuss the economic conditions of poor blacks and poor whites during the period of Reconstruction.
Answer: By establishing the Freedmen’s Bureau, the national government attempted to help blacks in their transition from slavery to freedom, but Congress refused to consider the confiscation of whites’ property to provide a basis for black economic independence. As a result, both poor blacks and poor whites remained dependent on white landowners for their economic survival. Most of them became either tenant farmers or sharecroppers, producing a cash crop, usually cotton, dictated by the landowner.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 475-482
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: The Lives of Freedpeople
54) Evaluate the successes and failures of the Republican administrations that controlled the southern state governments during the period of Reconstruction.
Answer: Republican state governments in the South during Reconstruction made some significant strides toward more democratic political conditions and began the physical and economic rebuilding of the South. They also attempted to provide greater educational opportunities and social services for the people. White taxpayers often resented the expense of these programs, which helped both blacks and poor whites.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 482-490
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: Reconstruction in the Southern States
55) Discuss the methods by which conservative white Democrats regained control of the southern state governments at the end of Reconstruction.
Answer: White Democrats used violence, economic intimidation, and appeals to white supremacy to defeat Republican control of southern state governments between 1865 and 1876. These tactics were generally known as the Mississippi Plan.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 485-486
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: Reconstruction in the Southern States
56) The Grant administration strongly pursued a policy of defending black rights in the South. Explain why you agree or disagree with the this statement, citing historical evidence to support your position.
Answer: Most historians agree that the Grant administration did not strongly pursue a policy in defense of black rights. While Congress in 1870 and 1871 passed several acts giving the president strong powers to protect black voting rights and to suppress violence, Grant did not utilize them to any great extent. By 1872, most northern Republicans were more interested in programs promoting economic growth in the North and protecting the political power of the Republican party than in defending black rights.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 486-488
Skill: Interpretive
Topic: Reconstruction in the Southern States
IDENTIFICATION
57) After the Civil War, southern state governments attempted to reestablish white dominance by passing the ________.
Answer: Black Codes
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 467
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Bittersweet Aftermath of War
58) In the House of Representatives, ________ led the opposition to President Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction.
Answer: Thaddeus Stevens
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 469
Skill: Factual
Topic: National Reconstruction Politics
59) The ________ Amendment guaranteed civil rights for blacks.
Answer: Fourteenth
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 469-470
Skill: Factual
Topic: National Reconstruction Politics
60) The one person Congress imprisoned as a result of the Civil War was ________.
Answer: Jefferson Davis
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 474
Skill: Factual
Topic: National Reconstruction Politics
61) In the period after the Civil War, most rural southern blacks became either tenants or ________.
Answer: sharecroppers
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 478-479
Skill: Factual
Topic: The Lives of Freedpeople
62) Democrats called their victory in Louisiana, “________.”
Answer: Redemption
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 486
Skill: Factual
Topic: Reconstruction in the Southern States
63) Three ________, passed by Congress during the Grant administration, helped to protect voters from violence or fraud.
Answer: Force Acts
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 486
Skill: Factual
Topic: Reconstruction in the Southern States
64) The Democratic party in Mississippi used a special program known as the ________ Plan to thwart Republican rule in the state.
Answer: Mississippi
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 486
Skill: Factual
Topic: Reconstruction in the Southern States
65) In 1869, two ________ met in Utah, linking the Atlantic and the Pacific for the first time.
Answer: railroads
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 487
Skill: Factual
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