CHAPTER 13—THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE AND CRISIS AND RECOVERY IN THE WEST
1. Discuss both Justinian's failures and his successes.
2. What were some of the issues that divided Orthodox Christianity from Roman Catholic Christianity?
3. Discuss the impact of the Crusades upon the Byzantine Empire.
4. The Western Roman Empire fell in the fifth century C.E. but the Eastern Roman Empire survived for many centuries. Why?
5. How would European life in the fourteenth century have been different if the Black Plague had not come to Europe? Which individuals and groups might have been better off if it hadn't occurred, and which groups might have been worse off? Why?
6. What were the causes, effects, and most significant events of the Hundred Years' War? Did the Hundred Years' War differ in any manner from earlier medieval warfare? If so, how and why?
7. "The Black Death and the Hundred Years' War were more representative of the modern world than the medieval era." Discuss critically.
8. What were the factors, internal and external, which affected the Church, and resulted in a decline of prestige and a loss of power by the beginning of the fifteenth century?
9. What were the causes, nature, and results of the Italian Renaissance? Was it synonymous with humanism? Why or why not? How humane was the humanism of the time? Why?
10. Was the Renaissance an evolutionary or a revolutionary event, or both? Discuss, using specific examples.
11. "The Renaissance was a direct consequence of the High Middle Ages." Discuss, pro and con.
12. Explain how Christian (both Catholic and Byzantine) art differed from that of the Muslim world. What were frequent images that appeared in these art forms?
13. What was the impact of the Renaissance on women? Discuss.
14. What role did the Byzantine Empire play in the Renaissance?
SHORT ANSWER
Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
15. Justinian
16. Theodora
17. Nika
18. Ostrogoths and Lombards
19. Corpus Iuris Civilis
20. Hagia Sophia
21. Hippodrome
22. theme
23. Greek fire
24. Bulgars
25. iconoclasm
26. "Byzantine"
27. Procopius' Secret History
28. Photian schism
29. Macedonian dynasty
30. 1054 schism
31. Manzikert, 1071
32. Latin Empire of Constantinople
33. Michael Paleologus
34. Ottoman Turks and 1453
35. Mehmet II the Conqueror
36. "little ice age"
37. the Black Death and Yersinia pestis
38. smallpox and the Americas
39. flagellants and anti-Jewish pogroms
40. peasant revolts
41. Hundred Years War
42. Crecy and Agincourt
43. longbows
44. Joan of Arc
45. gunpowder
46. Pope Boniface VIII
47. Philip IV
48. Avignon
49. the Great Schism
50. Council of Constance, 1417
51. Renaissance
52. l'uomo universale
53. Petrarch
54. humanism
55. Masaccio
56. Leonardo da Vinci
57. Raphael
58. Michelangelo
59. Cosimo de' Medici
60. Aragon and Castile
61. War of the Roses
62. Henry VII/Tudors
63. the Habsburgs
64. Ivan III
65. Ravenna
66. Istanbul
67. Basil II
MULTIPLE CHOICE
68. The fourth crusade was diverted from its original mission and conquered which of the following cities?
a.
Constantinople
b.
Jerusalem
c.
Athens
d.
Kiev
e.
Alexandria
ANS: A REF: p. 328
69. The most serious threat to Justinian's rule came from the
a.
Blues and the Greens.
b.
crusaders.
c.
Muslims.
d.
Bulgars.
e.
Ostrogoths.
ANS: A REF: p. 328-329
70. Justinian's most lasting accomplishment was
a.
his victory over the Ostrogoths.
b.
his defeat of the Muslim armies outside of Constantinople.
c.
the Corpus Iuris Civilis.
d.
his victory over the Nika rioters.
e.
the construction of Notre Dame.
ANS: C REF: p. 330
71. Justinian's greatest construction achievement was
a.
the Hippodrome.
b.
building the walls that surrounded and defended Constantinople.
c.
the royal palace at the Golden Horn.
d.
the Hagia Sophia.
e.
the Grand Mosque of Istanbul.
ANS: D REF: p. 331
72. The best known Byzantine historian was
a.
Einhard.
b.
Tacitus.
c.
Suetonious.
d.
Belisarious.
e.
Procopius.
ANS: E REF: p. 334
73. The Photian schism
a.
abolished the use of icons.
b.
resulted in the excommunication of the Pope by the Patriarch.
c.
led to the reunion of the Roman and Orthodox churches.
d.
established the interdict in the Roman church.
e.
divided Arabs from Persians, a split that continues to the present.
ANS: B REF: p. 334
74. The dynasty that successfully restored Byzantine power in the ninth century was the
a.
Anatolian.
b.
Photian.
c.
Bulgarian.
d.
Justinian.
e.
Macedonian.
ANS: E REF: p. 334
75. In the eleventh century, the Byzantine emperor, Basil II, blinded fourteen thousand soldiers of the
a.
Muslims.
b.
Vikings.
c.
Russians.
d.
Bulgars.
e.
Franks.
ANS: D REF: p. 336
76. The major threat to the Byzantine Empire in the eleventh century came from the
a.
Arabs.
b.
Seljuk Turks.
c.
Ottoman Turks.
d.
Austrians.
e.
Persians.
ANS: B REF: p. 338
77. At the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, the
a.
Seljuk Turks defeated the Byzantines.
b.
Byzantines defeated the Normans.
c.
Byzantines defeated the Seljuk Turks.
d.
crusaders conquered Constantinople.
e.
Ottoman Turks defeated the Byzantines.
ANS: A REF: p. 338
78. The Italian city that benefited from the Fourth Crusade was
a.
Rome.
b.
Venice.
c.
Florence.
d.
Naples.
e.
Genoa.
ANS: B REF: p. 338
79. In the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade, the major state of the former Byzantine Empire was the
a.
Latin Empire of Constantinople.
b.
Venetian Kingdom of Constantinople.
c.
Greek Empire of Constantinople.
d.
Ottoman Turk Empire of Istanbul.
e.
Latin Kingdom of Anatolia.
ANS: A REF: p. 338
80. In 1453, the Byzantine Empire fell to the
a.
Arabs.
b.
Seljuk Turks.
c.
Ottoman Turks.
d.
Bulgars and Ukranians.
e.
the crusaders.
ANS: C REF: p. 340
81. A major advantage that the Ottomans had against Constantinople in 1453 was
a.
cavalry.
b.
the longbow.
c.
the crossbow.
d.
Greek fire.
e.
gunpowder.
ANS: E REF: p. 340
82. The early fourteenth century was troubled by
a.
the "little ice age."
b.
a medieval green-house effect.
c.
a rapid population increase.
d.
the capture of Rome by Muslim armies.
e.
the fall of Constantinople at the hands of the Seljuk Turks.
ANS: A REF: p. 340
83. Mortality rates associated with the Black Death in 14th century Europe have been estimated at
a.
10%-15%
b.
20%-25%
c.
50%-60%
d.
70%-80%
e.
90% or more
ANS: C REF: p. 341
84. Jews, who were thought to be responsible for the Black Death, fled from central Europe to
a.
England and Ireland
b.
Scandinavia
c.
Spain and Portugal
d.
Poland and Russia
e.
the Middle East
ANS: D REF: p. 341
85. Which of the following was not a fourteenth century explanation of the causes for the Black Death?
a.
The Jews poisoned the Christians.
b.
Volcanic fumes from the earth.
c.
Sinful behavior by Christians.
d.
Practice of flagellation
e.
Caused by the devil.
ANS: D REF: p. 341 | p. 343
86. The Mongols
a.
facilitated the spread of the plague with the creation of its Silk Road empire.
b.
stopped the spread of the plague to China, but allowed it to decimate the West.
c.
stopped the spread of the plague to the West, but allowed it to decimate China.
d.
were immune from the Yersinia pestis.
e.
captured Constantinople.
ANS: A REF: p. 341
87. The Black Death
a.
was spread by fleas carrying Yersinia pestis.
b.
killed ninety-five percent of its victims in urban areas.
c.
had been an ongoing problem in Europe since the late Roman Empire.
d.
killed many people, but had no effect on economic affairs.
e.
had no religious implications.
ANS: A REF: p. 340
88. Flagellants
a.
was the term used to describe the aristocratic opponents of rebelling serfs.
b.
were Jews who beat themselves in an effort to avoid harsher abuse by Christians.
c.
were a new order of friars which were established in France by Joan of Arc.
d.
were Christian fanatics who physically scourged themselves during the Black Death.
e.
were hereditary slaves in fifteenth-century Italy.
ANS: D REF: p. 341
89. As a result of the Black Death
a.
there was a decrease in Anti-Semitism.
b.
there was an increase in Anti-Semitism.
c.
flagellation disappeared.
d.
the population rose in Italian cities but fell in English and French cities and towns.
e.
the Pope moved to Avignon.
ANS: B REF: p. 341
90. As a result of the Black Death
a.
peasants were worse off.
b.
social unrest increased.
c.
social unrest decreased.
d.
the Roman Church gained power and authority.
e.
citizen-ruled republics replaced divine-right monarchies in much of Europe.
ANS: B REF: p. 344
91. At the beginning of the Hundred Years' War, the English had the advantage because of
a.
cannon and gunpowder.
b.
the crossbow.
c.
the longbow.
d.
heavily armored cavalry.
e.
German mercenaries.
ANS: C REF: p. 344
92. By the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French gained victory because of
a.
cannon and gunpowder.
b.
the crossbow.
c.
the longbow.
d.
heavily armored cavalry.
e.
German mercenaries.
ANS: A REF: p. 344
93. All of the following regarding the Hundred Years' War are correct except
a.
traditional nobles fighting on horseback were the keys to victory.
b.
new weapons were used in the war, including the long bow and gunpowder.
c.
the English were victorious at the battles of Crecy and Agincourt.
d.
Joan of Arc was burnt at the stake.
e.
it was fought between England and France.
ANS: A REF: p. 344
94. The Papacy of Boniface VIII saw
a.
the Roman Church supreme over all of Christendom.
b.
Boniface forced to flee in the face of a French takeover.
c.
Boniface successfully excommunicating and destroying the power of France's Philip IV.
d.
moved to Germany after Boniface's death.
e.
the Church weakened as a result of the Black Death.
ANS: B REF: p. 345
95. In the early fourteenth century, the Catholic church
a.
financed the construction of the new cathedral of St. Peter's in Rome.
b.
supported the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont.
c.
was moved to Avignon.
d.
was placed under the rule of the Holy Roman Emperors.
e.
banned the use of the inquisition.
ANS: C REF: p. 345
96. The Great Schism
a.
resulted in the capture of Jerusalem by Saladin.
b.
saw two different individuals claiming to be the true pope.
c.
was the result of the investiture controversy between Gregory VII and Henry IV.
d.
led to the Hundred Years' War between England and France.
e.
led to the sacking of Constantinople be crusaders from the West.
ANS: B REF: p. 345
97. The council that ended the Great Schism was the council of
a.
Clermont.
b.
Canossa.
c.
Orleans.
d.
Constance.
e.
Trent.
ANS: D REF: p. 345
98. The Renaissance began in
a.
Byzantium.
b.
France.
c.
Italy.
d.
Spain.
e.
Flanders.
ANS: C REF: p. 345
99. The phrase l'uomo universale means that one should
a.
be capable of achievements in many areas.
b.
reject religion and become a student of the universe.
c.
specialize in great depth in a single subject, such as history or physics.
d.
turn to God as the only answer's to the problems of this world.
e.
reject public service and satisfy one's personal ambitions.
ANS: A REF: p. 345
100. The Italian Renaissance was
a.
a major creative force in the field of literature.
b.
part of an era of recovery in Europe.
c.
an era of great interest in the legacy of ancient Greco-Roman culture.
d.
a mass movement.
e.
a, b and c
ANS: E REF: p. 345
101. An Italian intellectual who hunted down ancient manuscripts and emphasized classical Latin was
a.
Sforza.
b.
Bruni.
c.
Petrarch.
d.
Chrysoloras.
e.
Ficino.
ANS: C REF: p. 346
102. The ideal of early fifteenth century Humanists was to
a.