Chapter 10 Preparing for Sexual Reproduction: Meiosis
Biology: A Guide to the Natural World, 5e (Krogh)
1) The fertilization of an egg by a sperm produces a cell called a/an:
A) ovum.
B) gamete.
C) zygote.
D) oocyte.
Answer: C
Topic: Section 10.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
2) How many chromosomes are in a human gamete?
A) 43
B) 42
C) 26
D) 23
E) 46
Answer: D
Topic: Section 10.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
3) The products of meiosis are:
A) two diploid cells.
B) four haploid cells.
C) four diploid cells.
D) two haploid cells.
Answer: B
Topic: Section 10.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
4) How are the products of meiosis and the products of mitosis different?
A) The products of mitosis are gametes.
B) The products of mitosis are always haploid.
C) The products of meiosis are genetically identical to each other.
D) The products of meiosis are gametes.
E) The products of meiosis are always diploid.
Answer: D
Topic: Section 10.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
5) A 2n cell from an organism has 40 chromosomes. How many chromosomes would be in a haploid gamete from this organism?
A) 46
B) 80
C) 10
D) 40
E) 20
Answer: E
Topic: Section 10.1
Skill: Application/Analysis
6) If a eukaryotic cell has 20 chromosomes and it undergoes meiosis, how many cells will result, and how many chromosomes will they contain?
A) 4 cells, each with 20 chromosomes
B) 4 cells, each with 10 chromosomes
C) 2 cells, each with 10 chromosomes
D) 2 cells, each with 20 chromosomes
Answer: B
Topic: Section 10.1
Skill: Application/Analysis
7) If the chromosome number were not halved when gametes are produced, what would be the result of fertilization?
A) They zygote would have the same number of chromosomes as the parents.
B) The zygote would have double the number of chromosomes as the parents.
C) The zygote would have half the number of chromosomes as the parents.
D) The zygote would undergo meiosis again to halve the number of chromosomes.
Answer: B
Topic: Section 10.1
Skill: Application/Analysis
8) Cells that are ________ possess a single set of chromosomes.
A) diploid
B) haploid
C) zygotes
D) somatic
Answer: B
Topic: Section 10.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
9) In mitosis, cells duplicate their chromosomes once and divide once. In meiosis, cells duplicate their chromosomes ________ and divide ________.
A) once; once
B) twice; once
C) twice; twice
D) once; twice
Answer: D
Topic: Section 10.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
10) You have homologous pairs of chromosomes in each of your cells. In what way are these pairs of chromosomes identical?
A) They have exactly the same genes.
B) They both come from the same parent.
C) They have genes for the same traits.
D) They will stay together during meiosis.
Answer: C
Topic: Section 10.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
11) Crossing over occurs during which stage of meiosis?
A) telophase I
B) metaphase II
C) anaphase II
D) prophase II
E) prophase I
Answer: E
Topic: Section 10.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
12) Which of the following occurs during anaphase I?
A) Homologous chromosomes are moved to the metaphase plate.
B) Sister chromatids are separated.
C) Crossing over begins.
D) Homologous chromosomes are separated.
E) Cytokinesis occurs.
Answer: D
Topic: Section 10.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
13) Homologous chromosomes pair up to form a structure called a:
A) sister chromatid.
B) tetrad.
C) homologue.
D) haploid.
Answer: B
Topic: Section 10.2
Skill: Conceptual
14) What event occurs in both anaphase of mitosis and anaphase II of meiosis II?
A) Cytokinesis ends.
B) Homologous chromosomes separate.
C) Chromatin decondenses.
D) Homologous chromosomes pair.
E) Sister chromatids separate.
Answer: E
Topic: Section 10.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
15) The cells at the end of meiosis I are not ready to function as gametes. Why not?
A) They have the right number of chromosomes but no cytoplasm.
B) They have the right number of chromosomes but too much cytoplasm.
C) They are haploid, but the chromosomes are still in duplicated form.
D) The chromosomes have divided, but there has been no cytokinesis.
E) The homologous chromosomes have not yet separated.
Answer: C
Topic: Section 10.2
Skill: Application/Analysis
16) Meiosis II is essentially the same as mitosis except that the outcome produces cells that are:
A) diploid.
B) somatic.
C) autosomal.
D) genetically identical to each other.
E) haploid.
Answer: E
Topic: Section 10.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
17) Which of the following occur during telophase I?
A) Cytokinesis produces four haploid gametes.
B) Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
C) Cytokinesis produces two cells that will each go through meiosis II.
D) Homologous chromosomes separate.
E) One cell divides two times, without interruption, into four cells.
Answer: C
Topic: Section 10.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
18) In the process of crossing over:
A) sister chromatids separate.
B) maternal chromosomes assort independently of paternal chromosomes.
C) homologous chromosomes separate.
D) sister chromatids exchange genetic material.
E) non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material.
Answer: E
Topic: Section 10.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
19) Imagine that a species has eight chromosomes (four homologous pairs). If some event occurred that prevented meiosis from occurring after replication, how many chromosomes would this species have after two generations?
A) 64
B) 8
C) 32
D) 16
E) 4
Answer: C
Topic: Section 10.2
Skill: Application/Analysis
20) A cell contains eight chromosomes at the end of prophase I. How many chromosomes will be in each daughter cell at the end of prophase II?
A) 4
B) 8
C) 16
D) 32
Answer: A
Topic: Section 10.2
Skill: Application/Analysis
21) In metaphase I ________ are aligned along the metaphase plate, and in metaphase II ________ are aligned along the metaphase plate.
A) pairs of sister chromatids; homologous chromosomes
B) maternal chromosomes; paternal chromosomes
C) homologous chromosomes; tetrads
D) homologous chromosomes; pairs of sister chromatids
Answer: D
Topic: Section 10.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
22) If a cell has a haploid number of 5, during mitosis there will be ________ chromosomes at metaphase, ________ chromosomes at anaphase, and ________ chromosomes per daughter cell at telophase.
A) 5; 10; 5
B) 5; 5; 5
C) 10; 20; 10
D) 10; 10; 10
E) 10; 10; 5
Answer: C
Topic: Section 10.2
Skill: Application/Analysis
23) What process produces genetic diversity through random distribution of chromosomes?
A) alignment of the metaphase plate to one side instead of in the middle
B) cytokinesis
C) independent assortment
D) recombination
E) crossing over
Answer: C
Topic: Section 10.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
24) What is the result of recombination (crossing over) during meiosis?
A) It ensures retention of genetic information and helps to preserve cell characteristics.
B) It binds homologous chromosomes tightly, so they do not accidentally separate.
C) It eliminates unused genes by removing them.
D) It allows the cell to complete DNA replication.
E) It creates chromosomes that are a new combination of paternal and maternal material.
Answer: E
Topic: Section 10.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
25) Which of the following processes contributes least to genetic diversity?
A) crossing over
B) combining of gametes from two different individuals
C) independent assortment of chromosomes at the metaphase plate
D) duplication of DNA
Answer: D
Topic: Section 10.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
26) What is the result of independent assortment during meiosis?
A) The cells that result have either all maternal or all paternal chromosomes.
B) Parts of homologous chromosomes are exchanged.
C) Both copies of a sister chromatid pair end up in the same gamete.
D) The cells that result are genetically identical to each other.
E) Genetically diverse gametes are produced.
Answer: E
Topic: Section 10.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
27) If a 2n cell has three chromosome pairs, how many different combinations of chromosomes are possible in gametes after meiosis?
A) 16
B) 32
C) 8
D) 64
E) 36
Answer: C
Topic: Section 10.3
Skill: Application/Analysis
28) If a diploid cell has 12 chromosome pairs, how many different combinations of chromosomes are possible in gametes after meiosis?
A) 1220
B) 122
C) 212
D) 1012
E) 1212
Answer: C
Topic: Section 10.3
Skill: Application/Analysis
29) What factors produce genetic diversity in bacteria?
A) crossing over
B) mitosis
C) crossing over and independent assortment
D) mutation and gene transfer
Answer: D
Topic: Section 10.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
30) Imagine you start a population of 1 million bacteria from a single bacterial cell. Now imagine that a population this large is started from a male and female housefly. How would these two populations differ?
A) The cells of the bacterial population would be larger on average than the cells that make up the houseflies.
B) Individuals of the housefly population would differ genetically from each other much more than would cells of the bacterial population.
C) No cells of the housefly population would ever divide by meiosis, but some cells of the bacterial population would divide by meiosis.
D) The cells of the bacterial population would differ genetically from each other much more than would individuals of the housefly population.
E) No cells of the bacterial population would ever divide by binary fission, but some cells of the housefly population would divide by binary fission.
Answer: B
Topic: Section 10.3
Skill: Application/Analysis
31) In a human cell that is haploid, how many chromosomes are there? How many are autosomes, and how many are sex chromosomes?
A) 45 chromosomes: 44 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome
B) 46 chromosomes: 44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes
C) 23 chromosomes: 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome
D) 11 chromosomes: 11 autosomes and no sex chromosomes
E) 12 chromosomes: 11 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome
Answer: C
Topic: Section 10.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
32) What is an autosome?
A) one of the non-sex chromosomes
B) a chromosome that confers male or female sex
C) a Y chromosome
D) an X chromosome
Answer: A
Topic: Section 10.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
33) A gamete from a human male contains:
A) 23 autosomes and an X chromosome.
B) 22 autosomes, one X chromosome, and one Y chromosome.
C) 23 autosomes and either an X or a Y chromosome.
D) 23 autosomes and a Y chromosome.
E) 22 autosomes and either an X or a Y chromosome.
Answer: E
Topic: Section 10.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
34) In birds, the female carries an unmatched pair of chromosomes (denoted WZ), corresponding roughly to the XY chromosomes in mammalian males, and male birds carry a matched set of chromosomes (denoted WW), corresponding to the pair of XX chromosomes in mammalian females. Therefore, in birds the ________ chromosome determines the sex of the offspring, and it is gametes from the ________ parent that determine sex.
A) Z; male
B) Z; female
C) W; female
D) W; male
E) W; either male or female
Answer: B
Topic: Section 10.4
Skill: Application/Analysis
35) In gamete formation, the starting cells in females are the ________, and the starting cells in males are ________.
A) primary oocytes; prmary spermatocytes
B) primary spermatocytes; primary oocytes
C) oogonia; spermatogonia
D) spermatogonia; oogonia
E) ooctyes; spermatids
Answer: C
Topic: Section 10.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
36) What would the consequence be if spermatogonia were not stem cells?
A) Only a limited quantity of sperm could be produced by males, and then no more could be produced.
B) Sperm would be diploid rather than haploid.
C) Sperm would have to be produced by mitosis instead of meiosis.
D) Mature spermatids would make more sperm by meiosis.
Answer: A
Topic: Section 10.5
Skill: Application/Analysis
37) In a human female, what happens to the collection of oocytes in the ovaries once puberty begins?
A) The oocytes all mature into eggs as soon as puberty is reached.
B) Ovulation stimulates all of the oocytes to complete meiosis II.
C) One oocyte per month matures and completes meiosis I.
D) One oocyte per month matures and completes meiosis I and meiosis II.
E) All ooctyes are expelled from the ovaries to complete meiosis II.
Answer: C
Topic: Section 10.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
38) A human egg contains:
A) 23 autosomes and an X or a Y chromosome.
B) 22 autosomes and an X or a Y chromosome.
C) 46 chromosomes, as 23 pairs.
D) 22 pairs of autosomes and two X chromosomes.
E) 22 autosomes and one X chromosome.
Answer: E
Topic: Section 10.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
39) In the process of egg production, one cell produced during meiosis will become the egg, and the other three will become:
A) primary oocytes.
B) oogonia.
C) primary bodies.
D) polar bodies.
Answer: D
Topic: Section 10.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
40) What is the fate of sperm that are never released?
A) They are stored indefinitely.
B) Their cell cycles are stopped in meiosis I.
C) They continue dividing by mitosis to produce more mature sperm.
D) They are destroyed by the body's immune system.
E) They combine to make diploid spermatogonia.
Answer: D
Topic: Section 10.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
41) Which of the following is true about both sperm and egg production?
A) Initiation of meiosis is continuous after puberty.
B) All cells that result from meiosis function as gametes.
C) All resulting gametes are the same size.
D) Millions of mature gametes are produced daily.
E) All resulting gametes are haploid.
Answer: E
Topic: Section 10.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
42) What is the advantage of ova production resulting in one egg and three polar bodies?
A) This allows the egg to receive most of the cytoplasm.
B) This reduces egg size by distributing most of the cytoplasm to the polar bodies.
C) This allows the egg to receive all the chromosomes.
D) This removes Golgi complex, lysosomes, and other organelles from the egg.
E) This creates more polar bodies, which are the cells that will actually be fertilized.
Answer: A
Topic: Section 10.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
43) What is one of the cellular differences between human eggs and sperm?
A) Sperm are arrested in meiosis II; eggs have completed meiosis.
B) Eggs have 200,000 times the volume of sperm.
C) Sperm contain a haploid set of chromosomes; eggs are diploid.
D) Sperm are arrested in meiosis I; eggs have completed meiosis.
E) Sperm have 200,000 times the volume of eggs.
Answer: B
Topic: Section 10.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
44) In a human zygote, where did most of the cytoplasm come from?
A) sperm
B) oocyte
C) spermatogonia
D) polar bodies
Answer: B
Topic: Section 10.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
45) When does an oocyte complete meiosis II?
A) in the seventh month of fetal life
B) immediately after release from the ovary
C) immediately after birth
D) after fertilization
E) as soon as puberty begins
Answer: D
Topic: Section 10.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
46) What is the flagellum in sperm for?
A) to provide a diploid set of chromosomes
B) for energy production
C) to provide a haploid set of chromosomes
D) to serve as a structure for the physical propulsion of the sperm
E) to serve as a reserve of energy and nutrients for the zygote
Answer: D
Topic: Section 10.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
47) Spermatogonia are called stem cells because they develop into two different types of cells. What are they?
A) primary spermatocytes and sperm
B) more spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes
C) polar bodies and oocytes
D) more spermatogonia and oocytes
E) polar bodies and sperm
Answer: B
Topic: Section 10.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
48) From the list below, which choice represents a correct difference between sperm production and egg production?
A) Sperm are produced by mitosis; eggs are produced by meiosis.
B) Sperm are produced by meiosis; eggs are produced by mitosis.
C) Four mature sperm are produced from one cell; one large egg is produced from one cell.
D) Eight mature sperm are produced from one cell; two eggs are produced from one cell.
E) Sperm are produced by somatic (body) cells; eggs are produced by gametes.
Answer: C
Topic: Section 10.5
Skill: Application/Analysis
49) In humans, which cells undergo meiosis?
A) polar bodies
B) oogonia and spermatogonia
C) zygotes
D) primary oocytes and spermatocytes
E) sperm and eggs
Answer: D
Topic: Section 10.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
50) From an evolutionary perspective, why is sexual reproduction advantageous over asexual reproduction?
A) Sexual reproduction is faster and easier than asexual reproduction.
B) Asexual reproduction minimizes differences, so natural selection can act more easily.
C) Sexual reproduction produces greater genetic diversity than asexual reproduction.
D) Sexual reproduction produces less genetic diversity than asexual reproduction.
Answer: C
Topic: Section 10.6
Skill: Application/Analysis
51) At what two stages in the human life cycle are diploid cells found?
A) in adult humans and as the zygote
B) as the zygote and in the sperm and eggs
C) in gametes and in sperm and eggs
D) in adult humans and in sperm and eggs
E) in gametes and as the zygote
Answer: A
Topic: Section 10.6
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
52) A plant branch that regenerates roots and develops into another plant is:
A) genetically unique.
B) the product of a special type of sexual reproduction.
C) the product of self-fertilization.
D) the product of a recombination event.
E) genetically identical to the plant from which the branch was taken.
Answer: E
Topic: Section 10.6
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
53) Bacteria (prokaryotes) divide by ________ reproduction, and eukaryotes reproduce by ________ reproduction.
A) sexual; asexual
B) either asexual or sexual; either asexual or sexual
C) sexual; either asexual or sexual
D) asexual; both asexual and sexual
E) asexual; sexual
Answer: D
Topic: Section 10.6
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
54) When a cutting from a plant sprouts roots and yields a new, independent plant, what process has occurred?
A) sexual reproduction
B) self-fertilization
C) recombination
D) asexual reproduction
E) cytokinesis
Answer: D
Topic: Section 10.6
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
55) The number of chromosomes present in a human cell at anaphase of mitosis and anaphase of meiosis II is the same.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 10.2
Skill: Application/Analysis
56) The number of chromosomes present in a cell in metaphase I and metaphase II is the same.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 10.2
Skill: Application/Analysis
57) At the end of meiosis I, each of the sister chromatids is considered a full-fledged chromosome.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 10.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
58) In recombination (crossing over), DNA is exchanged between homologous, non-sister chromatids.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 10.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
59) In humans, the sperm contributes the chromosome that determines whether the child will be a boy or a girl.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 10.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
60) If an egg is fertilized by a sperm carrying an X chromosome, the resulting child might be either a boy or a girl, depending on the sex chromosome carried by the egg.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 10.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
61) The X and Y chromosomes are not homologous, but in the meiosis of sperm formation, they pair and separate in anaphase I as though they were homologous.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 10.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Match the following.
A) anaphase I
B) metaphase II
C) anaphase II
D) prophase I
E) metaphase I
62) Sister chromatids separate
Topic: Section 10.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
63) Pairs of sister chromatids line up at the equator, with each one facing opposite poles
Topic: Section 10.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
64) Homologous chromosomes separate
Topic: Section 10.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
65) Recombination occurs
Topic: Section 10.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
66) Random alignment of maternal and paternal homologous chromosomes results in independent assortment
Topic: Section 10.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Answers: 62) C 63) B 64) A 65) D 66) E
67) ________ is the process in which a single diploid cell divides to produce haploid reproductive cells.
Answer: Meiosis
Topic: Section 10.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
68) The primary purpose of meiosis is to ________ the number of chromosomes; meiosis also generates ________ in the resulting cells.
Answer: reduce or halve; genetic variation
Topic: Section 10.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
69) The haploid number of an organism is 20. A somatic cell from this organism has ________ chromosomes, and its gametes have ________ chromosomes.
Answer: 40; 20
Topic: Section 10.1
Skill: Application/Analysis
70) Once produced, a zygote will divide by ________ to develop into a whole organism.
Answer: mitosis
Topic: Section 10.6
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
71) ________ have both male and female reproductive parts.
Answer: Hermaphrodites
Topic: Section 10.6
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
72) Suppose a researcher claims to be able to make a hybrid animal that is a cross between a human and a rhesus monkey. The normal diploid number for humans is 46, and the normal diploid number for rhesus monkeys is 48. Based on normal meiosis, how many chromosomes would the human gamete have, and how many chromosomes would the rhesus monkey have? Given these numbers, how many chromosomes would you expect the hybrid embryo to contain?
Answer: The human gamete would have 23 chromosomes, and the rhesus monkey gamete would have 24 chromosomes. The hybrid embryo would contain 47 chromosomes.
Topic: Section 10.2
Skill: Application/Analysis
73) Errors in meiosis can be one mechanism of evolution. A change in the number of chromosomes can lead to the production of new species. Some plant species may have originated from errors during cell division, which led to them having more than two sets of chromosomes, a condition called polyploidy. Hypothesize what kind of error during meiosis might occur to cause a normally diploid plant to generate tetraploid offspring, in which the offspring have four sets of chromosomes.
Answer: There may be a failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis, producing diploid gametes. If the plant self-fertilizes and a diploid sperm combines with a diploid egg, then a tetraploid zygote would be produced.
Topic: Section 10.3
Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation
74) Different species can sometimes interbreed to produce hybrid offspring. For example, the breeding of a horse with a donkey produces a mule. However, these hybrids are usually sterile. A horse will produce gametes with 32 chromosomes, and a donkey will produce gametes with 31 chromosomes, resulting in a mule with 63 chromosomes. Using your understanding of meiosis, propose a reason why mules are sterile.
Answer: Because the cells have an odd number of chromosomes, one of them will not be able to pair up with a homolog during meiosis. This prevents the proper formation of viable gametes.
Topic: Section 10.3
Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation
75) In meiosis, X and Y chromosomes will pair as homologous chromosomes, but they will recombine only in a few limited regions, at the ends. Explain why recombination is limited in this situation.
Answer: The X and Y chromosomes contain different genes. In most places, they do not have identical regions to exchange.
Topic: Section 10.4
Skill: Application/Analysis
76) Describe how sperm and egg cells are different from somatic cells in number of chromosomes (in humans), the cell division processes they undergo and the process that generates them, and the process they undergo to generate a zygote.