Biology: A Guide to the Natural World, 5e (Krogh)Chapter 4 Life's Home: The Cell
Updated: Aug 20, 2022
1) ________ are the fundamental units of life.
A) Organelles
B) Tissues
C) Cells
D) Organisms
Answer: C
Topic: Section 4.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
2) Cells contain organized structures that perform a specific function. These are known as:
A) organs.
B) organelles.
C) cytoplasm.
D) prokaryotes.
E) tissues.
Answer: B
Topic: Section 4.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
3) Prokaryotic cells lack:
A) DNA.
B) proteins.
C) internal compartmentalization.
D) ribosomes.
Answer: C
Topic: Section 4.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
4) Prokaryotic cells include:
A) bacteria and animal cells.
B) bacteria and plant cells.
C) bacteria and archaea.
D) archaea and fungi.
Answer: C
Topic: Section 4.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
5) Which of the following expresses an accurate difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
A) Eukaryotes have a nucleus, but prokaryotes do not.
B) Prokaryotes have organelles, but eukaryotes do not.
C) Prokaryotes can be multicellular, but eukaryotes cannot.
D) Prokaryotic cells are larger than eukaryotes.
Answer: A
Topic: Section 4.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
6) You isolate a cell with the following characteristics: (1) no nucleus, (2) only a single type of organelle, and (3) 2 μm in size. This cell could be a/an:
A) bacterium.
B) plant cell.
C) animal cell.
D) bacterial cell or a plant cell.
E) plant cell or an animal cell.
Answer: A
Topic: Section 4.2
Skill: Application/Analysis
7) Which of the following describes the difference between the cytoplasm and the cytosol?
A) The cytoplasm is the region inside the plasma membrane but outside the nucleus, whereas the cytosol is the fluid medium inside the cell.
B) The cytoplasm is the region inside the plasma membrane that includes the nucleus, whereas the cytosol is the fluid medium inside the cell.
C) The cytoplasm is the fluid medium inside the cell, whereas the cytosol is the region outside the nucleus.
D) The cytoplasm is the region only outside the nucleus, and the cytosol is the region only inside the nucleus.
Answer: A
Topic: Section 4.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
8) The outer lining of a cell is the:
A) cytosol.
B) plasma membrane.
C) cytoskeleton.
D) nucleus.
Answer: B
Topic: Section 4.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
9) Proteins destined to be secreted by the cell are produced:
A) by the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
B) in the cytosol.
C) on the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
D) by the Golgi complex.
E) by free ribosomes.
Answer: C
Topic: Section 4.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
10) A secretory protein that exits from the ER within a vesicle will head directly to the:
A) nucleus.
B) cytosol.
C) mitochondria.
D) Golgi complex.
E) plasma membrane.
Answer: D
Topic: Section 4.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
11) What determines whether a protein will be produced on a "free ribosome" or on one attached to the endoplasmic reticulum?
A) a chemical signal on the protein being produced
B) a special sequence of nucleotides on the mRNA molecule
C) a special sequence of amino acids on the protein being produced
D) whether the mRNA first binds to a "free ribosome" or one attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
Answer: A
Topic: Section 4.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
12) The function of the nucleus is to:
A) contain the DNA.
B) contain the cytoplasm.
C) produce proteins.
D) add sugars to proteins.
E) organize the cytoskeleton.
Answer: A
Topic: Section 4.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
13) Which of the following is the correct order of events in a cell?
A) DNA makes protein; protein makes RNA.
B) Protein makes DNA; DNA makes RNA.
C) RNA makes DNA; DNA makes protein.
D) RNA makes protein; protein makes DNA.
E) DNA makes RNA; RNA makes protein.
Answer: E
Topic: Section 4.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
14) Which of the following is a function of the nucleolus?
A) to allow mRNA to leave the nucleus
B) to act as the site of DNA synthesis
C) to attach polysaccharides to protein molecules
D) to synthesize ribosomal RNA
E) to synthesize messenger RNA
Answer: D
Topic: Section 4.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
15) The function of ribosomes is to synthesize:
A) RNA.
B) lipids.
C) DNA.
D) proteins.
E) polysaccharides.
Answer: D
Topic: Section 4.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
16) Many antibiotics work by blocking the function of ribosomes. Therefore, these antibiotics will:
A) block DNA synthesis.
B) block protein synthesis.
C) block RNA synthesis.
D) prevent the movement of proteins through nuclear pores.
E) make the two nuclear membranes fuse into one.
Answer: B
Topic: Section 4.4
Skill: Application/Analysis
17) Insulin is a protein made in large amounts in cells of the pancreas. These cells secrete insulin into the blood, where it controls the uptake of sugar by body cells. How is insulin transported from the ER to the surface of the cell?
A) Insulin is sent through the cavities (lumen) of the endoplasmic reticulum that attach directly to the plasma membrane.
B) Insulin moves along tracks of cytoskeleton proteins.
C) Insulin moves through plasmodesmata to the surface of the cell.
D) Insulin is carried in small sacs of membrane (vesicles) that move from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus and then to the plasma membrane.
E) Insulin is carried by lysosomes that empty their contents outside the cell.
Answer: D
Topic: Section 4.4
Skill: Application/Analysis
18) Which of the following is involved in modifying, sorting, and shipping proteins?
A) mitochondria
B) lysosomes
C) the Golgi complex
D) endoplasmic reticulum
Answer: C
Topic: Section 4.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
19) Cells can increase the number or size of some organelles in response to new demands. The amount of one organelle often is increased dramatically in the livers of alcoholics. Based on what you know of organelle function, this organelle is the:
A) mitochondrion.
B) ribosome.
C) smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
D) nucleus.
E) Golgi apparatus.
Answer: C
Topic: Section 4.5
Skill: Application/Analysis
20) Which choice below correctly matches organelle with function?
A) lysosome–energy generation
B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum–lipid production
C) mitochondria–food generation
D) cytoskeleton–recycling of materials
Answer: B
Topic: Section 4.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
21) Tay-Sachs disease results from the accumulation of fatty deposits within neurons, when normally they should be broken down within these cells. The organelle that would be defective in Tay-Sachs would most likely be the:
A) lysosome.
B) Golgi complex.
C) ribosome.
D) endoplasmic reticulum.
E) mitochondrion.
Answer: A
Topic: Section 4.5
Skill: Application/Analysis
22) Animal cells need oxygen most directly to:
A) produce ATP.
B) secrete enzymes.
C) produce DNA.
D) produce protein.
Answer: A
Topic: Section 4.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
23) The most common form of cystic fibrosis, a fatal genetic disease, occurs when a protein destined for the plasma membrane of the cell is destroyed. The protein is destroyed by one of the cell's organelles because the protein is not shaped correctly. Which organelle recognizes the misshaped protein?
A) nucleus
B) lysosome
C) rough endoplasmic reticulum
D) Golgi complex
E) ribosome
Answer: C
Topic: Section 4.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
24) People with oxidative phosphorylation disorders suffer a lack of energy that can lead to diminished function of nerve and muscle cells. The organelle most likely to be altered in oxidative phosphorylation disorders is the:
A) chloroplast.
B) cytoskeleton.
C) cell wall.
D) mitochondrion.
E) rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Answer: D
Topic: Section 4.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
25) The 1992 film Lorenzo's Oil told the true story of Lorenzo Odone who suffered from the disease adrenoleukodystrophy. This disease affected an organelle in his cells called a peroxisome. The peroxisome lacked an enzyme that controls the breakdown of a long chain fatty acid that resulted in a buildup of the fatty acid in his brain and spinal cord. The function of peroxisomes must be similar to the function of what other organelle?
A) mitochondrion
B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
C) lysosome
D) Golgi complex
E) chloroplast
Answer: C
Topic: Section 4.5
Skill: Application/Analysis
26) Smoker's cough results from damage to the external structure of lung cells by tobacco smoke. What part of the cell would you predict is damaged?
A) the Golgi complex
B) plasmodesmata
C) the mitochondria
D) cilia
E) the lysosome
Answer: D
Topic: Section 4.6
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
27) What maintains cell shape, anchors organelles in place, and moves materials within a cell?
A) cytoskeleton
B) hydrogen bonds
C) cilia
D) Golgi complex
Answer: A
Topic: Section 4.6
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
28) The cytoskeleton is composed of:
A) microtubules, intermediate filaments, and cilia.
B) microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
C) microfilaments, microtubules, and lysosomes.
D) microfilaments, cilia, and intermediate filaments.
E) microfilaments, mitochondria, and intermediate filaments.
Answer: B
Topic: Section 4.6
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
29) Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?
A) intermediate filaments–actin
B) microfilaments–permanent
C) microtubules–tubulin
D) endomembrane system–cilia
Answer: C
Topic: Section 4.6
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
30) Both cilia and flagella are involved in which of the following functions?
A) energy production
B) production of proteins
C) movement of cells or movement of material around a cell
D) expelling waste
E) division of the cell
Answer: C
Topic: Section 4.6
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
31) Microfilaments:
A) stabilize the position of the nucleus.
B) act as "monorails" along which organelles move.
C) help cells move or capture prey.
D) form the structure of cilia and flagella.
Answer: C
Topic: Section 4.6
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
32) Eukaryotic cilia and flagella:
A) are only found in single-celled organisms.
B) are both involved in sweeping the lungs clean of foreign matter.
C) occur in large numbers on the surface of the cell.
D) both have microtubules forming their underlying structure.
E) may also act as receptors for hormones.
Answer: D
Topic: Section 4.6
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
33) Mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar to one another in that both:
A) capture the energy of the sun during photosynthesis and store it as sugar.
B) have their own DNA and their own ribosomes.
C) convert the energy of the sugar into ATP for use by the cell.
D) are present in all eukaryotic cells.
Answer: B
Topic: Section 4.7
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
34) Which of the following are associated with energy transfer in eukaryotic cells?
A) chloroplasts and mitochondria
B) mitochondria and rough ER
C) mitochondria and smooth ER
D) chloroplasts and the cell wall
E) lysosomes and Golgi complex
Answer: A
Topic: Section 4.7
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
35) You owe your life to chloroplasts. The reason for this is that:
A) chloroplasts supply all the ATP needed by living organisms.
B) when we eat plants, it is the chloroplasts that are the nutritious part of plant cells.
C) chloroplasts produce all the water and carbon dioxide essential for life.
D) chloroplasts produce the oxygen we breathe and ultimately are the source of most nutrients we consume.
E) like the ancestors of mitochondria, the ancestors of chloroplasts were once bacteria taken up by a eukaryotic cell.
Answer: D
Topic: Section 4.7
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
36) Which of the following would you find in a plant cell but not an animal cell?
A) lysosome
B) microtubule
C) a central vacuole
D) mitochondrion
Answer: C
Topic: Section 4.7
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
37) Cell walls can be found as part of:
A) animal cells, fungi, and protists.
B) plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and protists.
C) protists and animal cells.
D) bacterial cells.
E) plant cells.
Answer: B
Topic: Section 4.7
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
38) The large central vacuole of plants:
A) may make up as much as 90 percent of the internal volume of the cell.
B) replaces the nucleus.
C) allows the plant to produce its own food.
D) produces proteins.
Answer: A
Topic: Section 4.7
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
39) An important by-product of photosynthesis is:
A) glucose.
B) oxygen.
C) protein.
D) starch.
E) water.
Answer: B
Topic: Section 4.7
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
40) Which organelles are believed to have originated from free-standing bacteria ingested by ancient eukaryotic cells?
A) mitochondria and Golgi complex
B) lysosomes and ribosomes
C) chloroplasts and ribosomes
D) chloroplasts and lysosomes
E) mitochondria and chloroplasts
Answer: E
Topic: Section 4.7
Skill: Application/Analysis
41) Plasmodesmata and gap junctions are similar in that they:
A) provide structural support to cells.
B) are both involved in protein synthesis.
C) form a protective lining around cells.
D) allow cells to communicate with each other.
Answer: D
Topic: Section 4.8
Skill: Application/Analysis
42) Which of the following would be found as part of a plant cell but not an animal cell?
A) gap junction
B) ribosomes
C) chloroplasts
D) cytoskeleton
Answer: C
Topic: Section 4.8
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
43) Plasmodesmata permit cell-to-cell communication in plants. Similar structures found in animals are:
A) lysosomes.
B) mitochondria.
C) cell walls.
D) vacuoles.
E) gap junctions.
Answer: E
Topic: Section 4.8
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
44) Every form of life is either a single cell or is composed of cells.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 4.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
45) Only eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 4.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
46) It is estimated that there are more bacteria in your mouth than the number of people who have ever lived.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 4.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
47) The typical animal cell is 25 micrometers in diameter.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 4.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
48) Proteins can be modified in either the rough endoplasmic reticulum or the Golgi complex.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 4.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
49) Vesicles that contain digestive enzymes are called lysosomes.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 4.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
50) Lysosomes are responsible for producing ATP from the metabolism of food.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 4.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
51) The rough endoplasmic reticulum is the site where lipid synthesis occurs in an animal cell.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 4.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
52) The cytoskeleton is an internal scaffolding used for cellular movement.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 4.6
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
53) Animal cells contain centrioles and chloroplasts.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 4.7
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
54) Animal cells are surrounded by a cell wall.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 4.7
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
55) The central vacuole is used for nutrient storage and photosynthesis in plant cells.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 4.7
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
56) Ribosomes are found only in plant cells.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 4.7
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
57) Without photosynthesis, most animal life on the Earth could not survive.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 4.7
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
58) Plasmodesmata allow plant cells to communicate with each other.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 4.8
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
59) Gap junctions are found in plant cells.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 4.8
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
60) Tiny holes that are channels between animal cells are called gap junctions.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 4.8
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Match the following.
A) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
B) rough endoplasmic reticulum
C) Golgi complex
D) ribosomes
E) mitochondria
61) Modifies, stores, and ships proteins
Topic: Section 4.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
62) Serves as the site of protein synthesis
Topic: Section 4.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
63) A network of membranes studded with ribosomes
Topic: Section 4.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
64) The "power plants" of the cell
Topic: Section 4.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
65) The site of lipid synthesis
Topic: Section 4.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Answers: 61) C 62) D 63) B 64) E 65) A
66) The compartment that holds most of a eukaryotic cell's DNA is the ________.
Answer: nucleus
Topic: Section 4.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
67) The organelles of a eukaryotic cell are suspended in its ________.
Answer: cytosol
Topic: Section 4.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
68) mRNA carries a code from the ________ to make a particular polypeptide.
Answer: DNA
Topic: Section 4.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
69) Harmful substances are detoxified within the cell by the ________.
Answer: smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Topic: Section 4.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
70) Actin forms cytoskeletal fibers called ________.
Answer: microfilaments
Topic: Section 4.6
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
71) Most of the volume of a mature plant cell is taken up by the ________.
Answer: central vacuole
Topic: Section 4.7
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
72) Viruses reproduce as do cells, but viruses are not considered living things. Explain why this is the case.
Answer: Every form of life is either a single cell or made of cells. Although viruses have some of the properties of life, they are not cells.
Topic: Section 4.1
Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation
73) List the sequence of organelles a protein would pass through as it moves through the endomembrane system to the exterior of the cell.
Answer: (1) The protein is made on ribosomes associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum, (2) its transport vesicles bring it to the Golgi complex, (3) it moves through the Golgi complex then is packaged into another transport vesicle, (4) it is then brought to the plasma membrane where the vesicle fuses with the membrane, and (5) it is released to the exterior of the cell.
Topic: Section 4.4
Skill: Application/Analysis
74) Name three organelles involved in the synthesis of proteins in a cell, and describe the role each organelle plays in the process.
Answer: Any of the following would be correct: nucleus–production of the mRNA; ribosome–production of the protein; rough endoplasmic reticulum–production and transport of protein; Golgi complex–modification, sorting, and transport of protein; vesicles–movement of proteins between organelles.
Topic: Section 4.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
75) Which organelles would not be considered part of the endomembrane system? Explain your answer.
Answer: Mitochondria and chloroplasts would not be considered part of the endomembrane system because they not part of an interacting group of organelles involved in transporting material through the cell.
Topic: Section 4.4
Skill: Application/Analysis
76) You are camping and decide you will sample some wild berries. You soon start to feel ill and realize these berries have a toxic substance in them. On your way to the hospital, explain to your friends which organelles, in which organ of your body, are detoxifying the toxin.
Answer: The smooth ER detoxifies substances, and the liver is a major site of this detoxification.
Topic: Section 4.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
77) Nerve cells have long thin extensions of their cell membrane called axons. The cell has to get mitochondria from the body of the cell all the way down to the end of the axon to provide energy for nerve signal transmission. What structure in a nerve cell would be involved in moving the mitochondria, and how would it work?
Answer: Cells move organelles from one part to the other on microtubules, which act as rails. A mitochondrion would be attached to a motor protein, which is also attached to a microtubule, and this would carry the mitochondrion from the cell body to the end of the axon.
Topic: Section 4.6
Skill: Application/Analysis
78) Compare and contrast cilia and flagella.
Answer: Cilia are numerous in the individual and are very short. Flagella are less numerous and are very long. Both have a microtubule support structure. Both cilia and flagella cause movement of the organism; however, cilia are generally thought to move materials and not the individual.
Topic: Section 4.6
Skill: Application/Analysis
79) Name and describe three organelles that are common to animal and plant cells.
Answer: Three common organelles are: plasma membrane–outer lining of the cell, mitochondria–powerhouse/ATP generator of the cell, nucleus–information center of the cell.
Topic: Section 4.6
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
80) A man was under treatment for infertility. Examination of his sperm showed that his sperm could not swim. He also suffered from chronic bronchitis and other respiratory problems in which mucus with trapped particles was not being cleared from his lungs. From this you might infer he has a genetic defect affecting which structures inside his cells?
Answer: The genetic defect prevents proper function of microtubules. Consequently, the flagella on the sperm could not move, and the cilia on the cells of the lung could not beat.
Topic: Section 4.6
Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation
81) Which structures are in a plant cell and not in an animal cell? Which organelle would you find in an animal cell but not a plant cell?
Answer: Plants have three unique organelles: the central vacuole, chloroplast, and the cell wall. An animal cell lacks all of the above but contains lysosomes, which plant cells do not have.
Topic: Section 4.7
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension