Architecture Exam Study Guide
Graphic representation has developed along what two distinct lines
artistic technical
a graphical representation of a real thing, an idea, or a proposal design for later manufacture or construction
drawing
standard guide to uniform drafting standards
Y14.5
systematic approach that integrates design and manufacture of products with the goal of optimizing all elements involved in the life cycle of the product
concurrent engineering
What does CAD stand for?
computer aided design
Design Process Stages
...
three purposes of technical drawings
visualization, documentation, communication
design products based on existing designs through measurements and documentation of an existing product
reversed engineering
if the observers eye is imagines as infinitely distant from the object and the plane of projection, the projectors will be?
parallel
What is the mother of all inventions?
necessity
Which standards organization is the primary authority related to technical drawings?
ANSI
If the observer is relatively close to the object and the projectors form a "cone" of projectors, the resulting projection is known as..
perspective
line that is solid, dark, sharp, and thick
visible line
when the projectors come together at the station pint and represent objects as we see them
perspective projections
primary metric units of measurement for engineering drawings and design
millimeter
two main types of projection
perspective and parallel
reduction or enlargement of the drawn object relative to the real object
drawing scale
standard C size sheet measures
17 x 22
T/F: the U.S. uses the metric system of measurement which consists of meters and kilometers
FALSE
what categories does the title block include?
company info, drawing scale, sheet size,
A scale stated as 5:1 signifies that...
the object is drawn five times larger than the actual size
term meaning normal/ 90 degrees
orthographic
line that is dashed, dark, and thin
hidden line
type of line that shows the axis of symmetry, path of motion, and location of bolt circles
center line
units based on inch-foot and yard measurements
US customary units
construction lines are drawn with what kind of lead
4H
line that is solid, light, and thin
construction line
T/F: orthographic projections have projectors that are parallel to the plane of projection
FALSE
the shortest distance between two points
straight line
supplementary angles add up to
180 degrees
what four objects should a student try to attain when drawing
accuracy, speed, legibility, neatness
represents a location in space and has no width, height, or depth
point
formed when two surfaces intersect
edge of a solid
complementary angles add up to
90 degrees
37 degrees 10' 22" converts to how many degrees
37.1728 (37.(10/60)+(22/360)
formed where three or more surfaces intersect
vertex
equation for circumferance of a circle
diameter x 3.1416 2x radius x 3.1416
most important rule in freehand sketching
keep the sketch proportional
any plane bounded by straight sides and can be inscribed or circumscribed around a circle
polygon
T/F: a freehand sketch is crude and sloppy with no real attention to detail and is only used to get ideas down on paper
TRUE
sum of the interior angles of a triangle adds up to
180 degrees
objects that share the same center, axis, or origin
concentric objects
T/F: A freehand sketch should show attention to proportion, clarity, and correct line widths
TRUE
may be used to transfer measurements between the top and right side views
miter line
How many views should a sketch contain?
only the number of views needed to clearly and completely describe the object
in orthographic views, what do dashed lines represent?
features that would be hidden behind other surfaces
What are the three principle dimensions?
height, width, depth
surface that is perpendicular to one plane but inclined to adjacent planes
incline
any principal view shows how many of the principal dimensions?
2 of 3
how many standard views are there in orthographic projection?
6
A number of views systematically arranged to give a complete and clear description of the shape and size of an object
multiview
the top, front, and bottom views align in this matter
vertically
surface that is tipped to all principle planes and does not appear true size in any standard view
oblique
a hole that appears as a circle in the top view is indicated in the front view with...
two hidden lines
orthographic views show...
the object all the way through as if it were transparent
most important lines to least important
visible > hidden > center
the rear, left-side, front, and right-side views align...
horizontally
what projection is primarily used in Europe and Asia
first-angle projection
surface that is parallel to a plane of projection
normal
view that shows the object in a usual, stable, or operating position
front view
depth dimensions in the ____ view and _____ view correspond
top, side
angled surface used on cylinders to make them easier to handle, assemble, and reduces sharp edges
chamfer
A conical-shaped recess around a hole often used to receive a tapered screw head
countersink
A shaped depression cut along the axis of a cylinder or hub to receive a key, used to attach parts to a cylinder so they won't turn on it
keyway/keyset
T/F: There is a visible line where a place surface is tangent to a rounded surface
FALSE
A view is completely or partially removed to another location on the drawing sheet
removed view
how are holes dimensioned?
diameter
A rounded exterior blend between surfaces
round
A hole that only goes a specified depth
blind
A pattern form on a surface to provide for better gripping or more surface area for attachment
knurl
A shallow recess like a counterbore used to provide a good bearing surface for a fastener
spotface
What type of views may be added to show details at a larger scale?
enlarged
A rounded interior blend between surfaces
fillet
When a curved surface is tangent to a plane surface, what is drawn?
no line is drawn
T/F: When showing a blind drilled hole (a hole ending within the feature) it is customary to show the slant at the end of the hole at 30°
TRUE
A cylindrical recess around a hole, often used to receive the head of a bolt / screw below the surface of a part
counterbore
T/F: Regular Multiview projections are sometimes awkward, confusing, or actually misleading such as rotated angles or multiple holes in a bolt pattern, and when drawn as a revolution do not appear in their true form in relation to the part
TRUE
T/F: When a curved surface intersects a plane surface no line is drawn
FALSE
A hole that has been drilled entirely through the part so that it can be seen from both sides
thru hole
A thin, dark, solid line terminated by arrowheads
dimension line
When a dimension is enclosed in parentheses, it indicates
reference dimension
V is a symbol of
contersink
T/F: Crossing extension lines is an acceptable practice
TRUE
a thin, dark, solid line that extends from a point on the drawing to which a dimension refers
extension line
Why are objects dimensioned?
to give a complete size description
Do you give dimensions to hidden lines?
NO
used to indicate that a surface is to be machined
finish mark
a variation from the exact dimension when dimensioning
tolerances
dimensioning method that should be avoided because it permits the accumulation of error
chain dimensioning
Should you cross dimension lines?
NO
˽ is a symbol of
counterbore
Where are longer dimension lines located?
farthest from the object outline
A thin, solid line leading from a note or dimension and terminating in an arrowhead or a dot touching the part to which attention is directed
leader
What is dimensioned by its radius?
arches, rounds, and fillets
T/F: fillet radii can be given in a general note
TRUE
proper ratio for the length/width of an arrowhead
3:1
first angle projection
top view is placed under the front view, and the left side view is placed to the right (used in Europe)
New Product Development Cycle
1. Problem Identification 2. Ideation 3. Refinement/analysis 4. Implementation/documentation
Steps in the Design Process
1. Problem Identification 2. Concepts Ideas 3. Compromise solutions 4. Models Prototypes 5. Working Production Drawings
drawing that shows how all parts go together in the complete product
assembly drawing
CAE
computer aided engineering
CAM
computer aided manufacturing
ANSI
American National Standards Institute
three dimensional geometry forming the background for application of the graphic language through which problems can be solved
descriptive geometry
broad term for scope of graphical language that is used to express technical idea
technical drawing
the projectors come together at the station point and represent objects as we see them
perspective projection
four standard types of projection
multiview, axonometric (isometric), oblique, perspective
what types of projection show objects pictorially
axonometric (isometric), oblique, perspective
two systems used to arrange views
third angle projection and first angle projection
shapes of letters described as part of drawing standards
lettering
U.S. customary units
inch-foot and yard measurements
International system of units
metric system - millimeters and kilometers
what you need to consider when laying out a drawing sheet
size/scale of object, sheet size, measurement system, space for notes & title block
solids which are bounded by the surfaces that contain them
three-dimensional figures
surfaces of three-dimensional figures
planar, single-curved, double-curved, warped
how are edges represented?
visible or hidden lines
an object of which has length, but no breadth
line
plane figure bound by four straight sides
quadrilateral
represents a 3D object on a sheet of 2D paper by orienting the object so you can see its width, height, and depth in a single view
pictorial sketch
three common methods used to sketch pictorials are
isometric sketching, oblique sketching, perspective sketching
third angle projection
top view is placed over the front view, and right side view is placed next to front view
meanings of visible lines
intersection of two surfaces, edge view of surface, contour view of curved surface
short raised protrusion above the surface of a part
boss
a flat or rounded tab protruding from a surface usually to provide a method for attachment
lug
a flattened collar or rim around a cylindrical part to allow for attachment
flange
a small groove cut around the diameter of a cylinder, often where it changes diameter
neck
a hollow cylinder that is often used as a protective sleeve or guide or as a bearing
bushing
what happens when a plane intersects a contoured surface? tangent to contoured surface?
1. line drawn to represent edge 2. no line or a thin phantom line is drawn
A view may not need to be complete but may show only what is necessary for the clear description of the object
partial view
describe shape and position on engineering drawings
graphical entities
describe size and necessary manufacturing processes if the engineering drawing is to be a complete instruction for the shop technician
dimensions and notes
aspects of good dimensioning
technique, placement, choice, and tolerance of dimensions
The dimensioning of engineering structures involves two basic steps
size and location dimensions
the total amount that the feature on the actual part is allowed to vary from what is specified by the drawing or model dimension
tolerance
don't make leaders...
parallel to nearby lines, through corner of view, across each other, horizontal or vertical
unnecessary dimensions
superfluous dimensions
Holes equally spaced about a common center may be dimensioned by giving the diameter of the circle of centers
bolt circle
used to specify dimensions of threads
local notes
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